Social democracy
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Social democracy is a political ideology that emerged in the late 19th century out of the socialist movement. Unlike socialism in the Marxist sense, which aims to replace the capitalist system entirely, social democracy aims to reform capitalism in order to remove its perceived injustices. Social democracy once meant socialism in the strict sense achieved by democratic means. This definition rather than the modern one still appears in many dictionaries. The term in this sense has been generally replaced by democratic socialism, especially in the thinking of those who consider modern social democracy simply a moderate form of capitalism rather than a moderate form of socialism.
One way to delineate between social democratic parties and movements and democratic socialist ones is to think of social democracy as moving left from capitalism and democratic socialism as moving right from Marxism: A moderate, mainstream leftist party in a state with a market economy and a mostly middle class voting base might be described as a social democratic party, whereas a party with a more radical agenda and an intellectual or working class voting base that has a history of involvement with harder left movements might be described as a democratic socialist party.
The Socialist International (SI)—the worldwide organization of social democratic and democratic socialist parties—defines social democracy as an ideal form of democracy that can solve the problems found in unregulated capitalism. The SI emphasizes the following principles: First, freedom—not only individual liberties, but also freedom from discrimination and freedom from dependence on either the owners of the means of production or the holders of abusive political power. Second, equality and social justice—not only before the law but also economic and socio-cultural equality as well, and equal opportunities for all including those with physical, mental, or social disabilities. Finally, solidarity—unity and a sense of compassion for the victims of injustice and inequality. See The SI's Declaration of Principles.
Social democratic parties originally included both democratic socialists and revolutionary socialists such as Rosa Luxemburg and Vladimir Lenin. After World War I and the Russian Revolution, social democracy became exclusively associated with the non-revolutionary path.
The term "social democracy" can also refer to the particular kind of society that social democrats advocate. Paleoconservatives and other opponents use the term managerial state to describe such an order.
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[edit] Social democratic political parties
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Social democratic political parties are a feature of many democratic countries, and are found in Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere. Over the course of the twentieth century, parties such as the British Labour Party, the German SPD and the Australian Labor Party stood in elections on political platforms that included policies such as stronger labor laws, nationalization of major industries, and a strong welfare state. Most European social democratic parties are members of the Party of European Socialists, which is one of the main political parties at the European level, and most social democratic parties are members of the Socialist International, which is the historical successor to the Second International. The U.S. member of Socialist International is Social Democrats USA, which supports candidates of the Democratic Party.
During the latter part of the twentieth century, most social democratic parties distanced themselves from socialist economic policies and socialism in general. Many modern social democrats have broadened their objectives to include aspects of feminism, racial equality and multiculturalism.
Since the 1980s, a number of social democratic parties have adopted policies which support a relatively lightly regulated economy and emphasise equality of opportunity rather than equality of outcome as the benchmark for social justice. This trend, known as the Third Way, is highly controversial among those on the left, many of whom argue that Third Way parties (such as New Labour in the United Kingdom) have "sold out" to conservative ideology, and have ceased to be social democratic or even left-wing.
See also List of social democratic parties.
[edit] History
[edit] Pre-war—social democracy and Marxism
Many parties in the second half of the 19th century described themselves as social democratic, such as the British Social Democratic Federation, and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. In most cases these were revolutionary socialist or Marxist groups, who were not only seeking to introduce socialism, but also democracy in un-democratic countries.
The modern social democratic current came into being through a break within the socialist movement in the early 20th century, between two groups holding different views on the ideas of Karl Marx. Many related movements, including pacifism, anarchism, and syndicalism, arose at the same time (often by splitting from the main socialist movement, but also by emerging of new theories.) and had various quite different objections to Marxism. The social democrats, who were the majority of socialists at this time, did not reject Marxism (and in fact claimed to uphold it), but wanted to reform it in certain ways and tone down their criticism of capitalism. They argued that socialism should be achieved through evolution rather than revolution. Such views were strongly opposed by the revolutionary socialists, who argued that any attempt to reform capitalism was doomed to fail, because the reformers would be gradually corrupted and eventually turn into capitalists themselves.
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Despite their differences, the reformist and revolutionary branches of socialism remained united until the outbreak of World War I. The war proved to be the final straw that pushed the tensions between them to breaking point. The reformist socialists supported their respective national governments in the war, a fact that was seen by the revolutionary socialists as outright treason against the working class (Since it betrayed the principle that the workers of all nations should unite in overthrowing capitalism, and the fact that usually the lowest classes are the ones sent into the war to fight, and die, putting the cause at the side). Bitter arguments ensued within socialist parties, as for example between Eduard Bernstein (reformist socialist) and Rosa Luxemburg (revolutionary socialist) within the SPD in Germany. Eventually, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the world's socialist parties fractured. The reformist socialists often kept the name "Social democrats", while many revolutionary socialists began calling themselves "Communists", and soon formed the modern Communist movement (see also Comintern).
Since the 1920s, doctrinal differences have been constantly growing between social democrats and Communists (who themselves are not unified on the way to achieve communism).
[edit] Post war—social democracy and democratic socialism
Following the split between social democrats and communists, another split developed within social democracy, between those who still believed it was necessary to abolish capitalism (without revolution) and replace it with a socialist system through democratic parliamentary means, and those who believed that the capitalist system could be retained but simply needed adjustments and improvements such as the nationalization of large businesses, the implementation of social programs (public education, universal healthcare, etc.) and the (partial) redistribution of wealth through a welfare state and progressive taxation. Eventually, most social democratic parties have come to be dominated by the latter position and, in the post World War II era, have abandoned any real commitment to abolish capitalism. For instance, in 1959, the Social Democratic Party of Germany adopted the Godesberg Program which rejected class struggle and Marxism.
In Italy there was a particular Social Democratic Party, in fact it represented a current of right in the international social democratic ideology. The Italian Social Democratic Party in fact, was founded in 1947 and from 1948 the position of the party was in the "centrist alliance". Since the late 1980s, the other social democratic parties have adopted the "Third Way"—either formally or in practice. Modern social democrats are generally in favor of a mixed economy, which should be mainly capitalistic but with governmental provision of certain social services. Many social democratic parties have shifted emphasis from their traditional goals of social justice to human rights and environmental issues. In this, they are facing increasing challenge from Greens, who view ecology as fundamental to peace, and require reform of money supply and safe trade measures to ensure ecological integrity. In Germany in particular, Greens, Social Democrats, and other left-wing parties have cooperated in so-called Red-Green Alliances. This is also not uncommon in Norway, although the "green" party there is usually the Centrist party (former "farmers' party") or under their wings.
[edit] The Third Way
In recent years, a number of social democratic parties and governments have arguably moved away from some traditional elements of social democracy—supporting, for example, the privatisation of state-controlled industries and services and a reduction in the regulation of the market. These changes have been perceived in the policies of Bob Hawke and Paul Keating in Australia, Tony Blair in the United Kingdom, Gerhard Schröder in Germany, Jens Stoltenberg in Norway, Göran Persson in Sweden, David Lange, Roger Douglas in New Zealand, Wim Kok in the Netherlands, and Ricardo Lagos in Chile. In general, these apparent reversals in policy have encountered significant opposition among party members and core voters: many of the latter, indeed, have claimed that their leaders have betrayed their traditional principles.
"Modernising" social democrats counter that their policies merely represent a necessary or pragmatic adaptation of social democracy to the realities of the modern world: "traditional" social democracy is now generally regarded as having been possible only because of the prevailing international climate—the post-war Bretton Woods consensus, which collapsed in the 1970s (whether and how a comparable consensus might be rebuilt continues to be a matter of interest to social democrats). It has, moreover, become difficult for political parties in the developed world to win elections on a distinctively left-wing platform now that electorates are increasingly "middle-class", aspirational and consumeristic. In Britain, where such an electorate rejected the Labour Party four times consecutively between 1979 and 1992, Tony Blair and his colleagues took the strategic decision to overtly disassociate themselves from the previous, strongly social democratic incarnations of their party. The challenge of developing new social democratic policies in this environment is the subject of wide-ranging debate within the centre-left. A number of political think-tanks, such as Policy Network and Wiardi Beckman Stichting, have been active in facilitating and promoting this debate.
See also History of Socialism.
[edit] Views of social democrats today
In general, contemporary social democrats support:
- A mixed economy, consisting mainly of private enterprise but with government owned or subsidised programs of education, healthcare, child care etc for all citizens.
- Regulatory systems over private enterprise in the interests of workers, consumers and fair competition.
- Advocacy of fair trade over free trade.
- An extensive system of social security (though usually not to the extent advocated by democratic socialists or other socialist groups), notably to counteract the effects of poverty and to insure the citizens against loss of income following illness, unemployment or retirement.
- Moderate to high levels of taxation (through a progressive taxation system) to fund government expenditure.
- Environmental protection laws (although not always to the extent advocated by Greens), such as combating global warming and increasing alternative energy funding.
- Immigration and multiculturalism.
- A secular and progressive social policy, although this varies markedly in degree. Most social democrats support gay marriage, abortion rights and a liberal drug policy, while others are either non-committed or opposed to these policies.
- A foreign policy supporting the promotion of democracy, the protection of human rights and where possible, effective multilateralism.
- As well as human rights, social democrats also support social rights, civil rights and civil liberties.
[edit] Examples of social democracy
The prime example of social democracy is Sweden, which prospered considerably under the leadership of Olof Palme. [1]. Sweden has produced a strong economy from sole proprietorships up through to multinationals (e.g., Saab, Ikea, and Ericsson), while maintaining one of the longest life expectancies in the world, low unemployment, inflation, infant mortality, national debt, and cost of living, all while registering sizable economic growth.[2]
Others also point to Norway as an example of a social democratic nation[3], where the Norwegian Labour Party played a critical role in Norway's recent political history by making social democratic reforms after WWII. In Norway, progressive taxation was introduced and the public sector greatly increased in size. Recently, Norway's economy has experienced an acceleration in economic growth (believed to be caused by oil deposits in the country).
Another prominent example is the Canadian province of Saskatchewan, which has been politically dominated by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation and its successor the New Democratic Party since 1944. While in office the CCF and NDP have nationalized major industries, initiated wide ranging public works, and introduced generous social services such as universal health care (later implemented nationally in Canada) and public automobile insurance. Today, however, while retaining its social democratic philosophy, the Saskatchewan NDP is no longer as far to the left as it once was, in comparison with the federal NDP.
To a lesser extent, the Canadian Province of Manitoba is viewed as social democratic, with nationalized businesses such as Manitoba Hydro. However the Manitoba NDP is also more moderate in comparison to the Federal NDP. Generally speaking, the provincial wings of the NDP that are major contenders for government (British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba & Nova Scotia) tend to be more in the modern Third Way mould of social democracy, as opposed to the federal party and smaller provincial wings that still follow the older style of democratic socialism (reminiscent of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation).
[edit] Criticism of social democracy
Social democracy has been criticized both from the right, by economic liberals and conservatives, and from the left, by socialists and communists. Most criticism of social democracy comes from social and economic liberals, who advance the following arguments:
- Social democratic systems restrict individual rights, especially economic freedoms, to an excessive degree (this argument was put forward strongly by Friedrich von Hayek, who is believed to have influenced Margaret Thatcher).[citation needed]
- The regulations placed on the market by social democracy limit economic efficiency and growth, leading to a reduced GDP for that particular nation.[citation needed] Supporters contend that, despite this theoretically implying a lower standard of living for all, in practice only the wealthy and more privelaged notice any negative effects, while the poor and working class gain greater protection, actually leading to a greater standard of living for them.[citation needed]
- Social democracy encourages large government budget deficits. (Social democrats reply that conservative administrations in the United States and Britain have also been responsible for large deficits.)[citation needed]
- State provision of education, health care, childcare and other services limits individual choice.[citation needed]
Social democrats reply that their policies in fact enhance individual rights by raising the standard of living of the great majority of the population, increasing social mobility, and eliminating the threat of extreme poverty. Individual rights are also maintained, as in many places alternative private facilities are also available. It is also argued that, by restricting some economic rights, social democracy makes the market fairer.[citation needed]
There is also criticism of social democracy on the left. Many social democrats reject the label "socialist" and the goal of achieving Socialism. For their part, socialists regard social democracy as an obstacle to truly radical reform of society.[citation needed] They claim that social democrats can only operate within the constraints of the existing capitalist orientated economic system, limiting many social reforms, and buy into the capitalist system to such an extent that they eventually become indistinguishable from conservatives.[citation needed] Left-wing critics allege that some professed social democrats, such as Tony Blair (UK), Gerhard Schröder (Germany), and to a lesser extent Göran Persson (Sweden), have violated the principles of social justice and equity by implementing tax cuts, cuts in social spending and the welfare state, privatisation and industrial deregulation.[citation needed]
[edit] The record and the future of social democracy
Many of the policies espoused by social democrats at the beginning of the twentieth century have since been put into practice by social democratic governments throughout the industrialised world. Large-scale nationalisations have taken place, the role of the state in providing free or subsidised healthcare and education has increased greatly, and redistributive tax and welfare systems have substantially reduced inequalities of wealth. Whether or not such policies are ultimately beneficial to society is, of course, a disputed question, and conservatives continue to press for the removal of obstacles to the free operation of the market, arguing that this is the most effective means of bringing about social progress while maximising individual liberty.
It is widely perceived that social democracy has been on the retreat in the Anglo-Saxon world since the 1980s, with the election of Ronald Reagan in the United States and Margaret Thatcher in Britain and the subsequent adoption by many social democrats of Third Way ideology. In Britain, for example, most of the nationalised industries were sold off in the 1980s and 1990s, and Tony Blair's Labour government, rather than reversing this process, has unapologetically continued it. Inequalities of wealth have also risen in some countries. On the other hand, it is unlikely that some reforms made by social democrats will be reversed in the foreseeable future. It is difficult, for example, to imagine tax rates returning to the levels seen in the nineteenth century. Even in a relatively conservative country such as the United States, there is some degree of (for example) public health and environmental protection regulation, and programmes such as Medicare and Medicaid remain in place, against the opposition of a significant number of conservatives.
[edit] List of famous social democrats
[edit] See also
| Relationship to Political Parties: |
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- History of socialism
- Democratic socialism vs. social democracy
- Left-wing politics
- List of social democratic parties
- Progressivism
- Socialism
- Neosocialism
- The Third Way
- Social welfare in Sweden
- Scandinavian welfare model
- Social fascism
- managerial state
[edit] External links
- Comprehensive list of social democratic parties
- Socialist International
- Socialdemocrat.org.
- Social Democrats USA, a member of SI, supports candidates through the U.S. Democratic Party
- Papers on the Future of Social Democracy in Canada
- Socialdemocracia.org (in Spanish, until socialdemocrat.org fixes its links).
- Canadian Encyclopedia: Social democracy
- Social Democracy in the unfinished global revolution
- The Crisis of Social Democracy by Rosa Luxemburg
- Policy Network: a social democratic think-tank
- Social Democratic Form on Canada's Future -New Democratic Party paper on Social Democratic Strategy
- Beyond Ideology, The Social Welfare State
