Streptomycin

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Streptomycin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
5-(2,4-diguanidino-3,5,6-trihydroxy-cyclohexoxy)- 4-[4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-3-methylamino-tetrahydropyran-2-yl] oxy-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran-3-carbaldehyde
Identifiers
CAS number	57-92-1
ATC code	A07AA04 J01 GA01
PubChem	5999
DrugBank	APRD00412
Chemical data
Formula	C₂₁H₃₉N₇O₁₂
Mol. mass	581.574 g/mol
Physical data
Melt. point	12 °C (54 °F)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	?
Metabolism	?
Half life	?
Excretion	?
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	?
Legal status
Routes	?

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. It is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin stops bacterial growth by damaging cell membranes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Specifically, it binds to the 16S rRNA of the bacterial ribosome, which prevents the release of the growing protein (polypeptide chain). Humans have structurally different ribosomes from bacteria, thereby allowing the selectivity of this antibiotic for bacteria. Streptomycin cannot be given orally, but must be administered by regular intramuscular injection. An adverse effect of this medicine is ototoxicity. It can result in permanent hearing loss.

1 History
2 See also
3 Uses
- 3.1 Treatment of disease
- 3.2 Bacterial selection experiments
4 References

[edit] History

It was first isolated on October 19, 1943 by Albert Schatz, a graduate student, in the laboratory of Selman Abraham Waksman at Rutgers University. Waksman and his laboratory discovered several antibiotics, including actinomycin, clavacin, streptothricin, streptomycin, grisein, neomycin, fradicin, candicidin and candidin. Of these, streptomycin and neomycin found extensive application in the treatment of numerous infectious diseases. Streptomycin was the first antibiotic that could be used to cure the disease tuberculosis; early production of the drug was dominated by Merck & Co. under George W. Merck.

Waksman is credited with having coined the term antibiotic.

[edit] See also

Philip D'Arcy Hart

[edit] Uses

[edit] Treatment of disease

Tuberculosis in combination with other anti-TB drugs
Yersinia pestis known popularly by one of its variants, the Bubonic Plague has been treated using this, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline.
Infective endocarditis caused by Enterobacter, when the organism is not sensitive to Gentamicin

[edit] Bacterial selection experiments

When grown on medium containing streptomycin, bacteria such as Escherichia coli are dependent upon expression of the aadA gene in order to survive (Joung et al., 2000). Thus, a suitably engineered E. coli strain, can be combined with a streptomycin-doped medium to select only bacteria hosting a successful interaction in two-hybrid screening experiments and methods derivative of two-hybrid screening (Hurt et al., 2003; Joung et al., 2000)

[edit] References

Hurt, J. A., S. A. Thibodeau, A. S. Hirsh, C. O. Pabo and J. K. Joung (2003). "Highly specific zinc finger proteins obtained by directed domain shuffling and cell-based selection." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(21): 12271-6.
Joung, J. K., E. I. Ramm and C. O. Pabo (2000). "A bacterial two-hybrid selection system for studying protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(13): 7382-7.
Kingston, William (2004). Streptomycin, Schatz v. Waksman, and the Balance of Credit for Discovery. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 59 (3), 441-462.
Mistiaen, Veronique. Time, and the great healer. The Guardian, Saturday 2 November 2002. The history behind the discovery of streptomycin.
Lawrence, Peter A. (2002). The misallocation of credit is endemic in science. Nature 415 (6874), 835-836.