Thread-local storage
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In computer programming, thread-local storage (TLS) is static or global memory local to a thread.
This is sometimes needed because all threads in a process share the same address space. In other words, data in a static or global variable is normally always located at the same memory location, when referred to by threads from the same process. Variables on the stack however are local to threads, because each thread has its own stack, residing in a different memory location.
Sometimes it is desirable that two threads referring to the same static or global variable are actually referring to different memory locations, thereby making the variable thread local.
If it is possible to make at least a memory address sized variable thread local, it is in principle possible to make arbitrarily sized memory blocks thread local, by allocating such a memory block and storing the memory address of that block in a thread local variable.
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[edit] Windows implementation
One can use the API function TlsAlloc to obtain an unused TLS slot index. The TLS slot index will then be considered ‘used’.
Using the API function TlsSetValue you can write a memory address to a thread local variable identified by the TLS index. TlsSetValue can only affect the variable for the current thread.
Afterwards you can use the API function TlsGetValue to read the address from the variable identified by the TLS index.
When you're done with it you can call TlsFree to release the TLS index. Now it will be considered ‘unused’ so a new call to TlsAlloc can return it again.
[edit] Pthreads implementation
TLS with Pthreads (Thread Specific Data) is similar to TlsAlloc & co. for Windows. pthread_key_create creates a key, with an optional destructor, that can later be associated with thread specific data via pthread_setspecific. The data can be retrieved using pthread_getspecific. If the thread specific value is not NULL, the destructor will be called when the thread exits. Additionally, key must be destroyed with pthread_key_delete.
[edit] Language-specific implementation
Apart from relying on programmers to call the appropriate API functions, it is also possible to extend the programming language to support TLS.
[edit] Java
In Java thread local variables are implemented by the ThreadLocal class. A ThreadLocal object maintains a separate instance of the variable for each thread that calls the object's get or set method. The following example (for J2SE 5.0 or later version of Java) illustrates using a ThreadLocal that holds an Integer object:
ThreadLocal<Integer> local = new ThreadLocal<Integer>();
the preceding code declares and instantiates the ThreadLocal object local. The following code gets the value for the currently executing thread. If the value existed, it is incremented and stored, otherwise the value is set to 1.
Integer val = local.get();
if (val == null)
local.set(1);
else
local.set(val + 1);
local.get() returns the current Integer object associated with the current thread, or null if no object has been associated with the thread. The code calls local.set() to set a new (or initial) value associated with the thread. (Note that the above example uses both generics and autoboxing—features added to Java in J2SE 5.0.)
[edit] Sun Studio C/C++, IBM XL C/C++, GNU C & Intel C/C++
The keyword __thread is used like this:
__thread int number;
- __thread defines number to be a thread local variable.
- int defines the type of number to be of type int.
[edit] Visual C++
In Visual C++ the keywords declspec(thread) are used like this:
__declspec(thread) int number;
- __declspec(thread) defines number to be a thread local variable. (Can also be __declspec(thread).)
- int defines the type of number to be of type int.
- __declspec(thread) works in DLLs only when those DLLs are bound to the executable, and will not work for those loaded with LoadLibrary() (a protection fault will occur)
- There are additional rules: "Rules and Limitations for TLS" in MSDN.
[edit] Borland C++ Builder
In Borland C++ Builder the keywords __declspec(thread) are used like this:
__declspec(thread) int number;
the same in a more elegant way:
int __thread number;
- __declspec(thread) defines number to be a thread local variable. __thread is a synonym for __declspec(thread).
- int defines the type of number to be of type int.
[edit] C# and other .NET languages
Static fields can be marked with ThreadStaticAttribute:
class FooBar
{
[ThreadStatic] static int foo;
}
Also an API is available for dynamically allocating thread local variables.
[edit] Python
In Python version 2.4 or later local class in threading module can be used to create thread-local storage.
import threading mydata = threading.local() mydata.x = 1
[edit] External links
- ELF Handling For Thread-Local Storage — Document about an implementation in C or C++.
- ACE_TSS< TYPE > Class Template Reference
- RWTThreadLocal<Type> Class Template Documentation
- Article "Use Thread Local Storage to Pass Thread Specific Data" by Doug Doedens
- "Paper" by Lawrence Crowl
