Yoshiwara
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For the Yoshiwara nightclub in the 1927 Fritz Lang film see: Metropolis.
Yoshiwara (吉原), whose name means Good Luck Meadow, was a famous red-light district in Edo, present-day Tōkyō, Japan.
In the early 17th century there was widespread male and female prostitution throughout the cities of Kyoto, Edo, and Osaka. To counter this, an order of Tokugawa Hidetada of the Tokugawa shogunate restricted prostitution to designated city districts. These districts were Shimabara for Kyōto (1640[1]), Shinmachi for Ōsaka (1624–1644[1]) and Yoshiwara for Edo (1617[1]). The main reason for establishing these nightless cities was the Tokugawa shogunate's trying to prevent the nouveau riche chōnin (townsmen) from political intrigue[1].
Contents |
[edit] History
See also: Prostitution in Japan
Yoshiwara was created in the city of Edo and was located near what is today known as Nihonbashi, near the start of the busy Tōkaidō highway that leads to western Japan. It burned down (along with much of the city) in the Meireki fire of 1657 and the district was moved to its present location north of Asakusa on the outskirts of the city.
Yoshiwara was home to some 1,750 women in the 1700s, with records of some 3,000 women from all over Japan at one time. The area had over 9,000 women many of whom suffered from syphilis in 1893.[2] These women were often sold to the brothels by their parents at the age of about seven to twelve. If the young girl was lucky, she would become an apprentice to a high ranking courtesan. When the girl was old enough and had completed her training, she would become a courtesan herself and work her way up the ranks. The girls often had a contract to the brothel for only about five to ten years, but massive debt often kept them in the brothels their entire life. There were very few ways for a young lady to get out of the brothel due to all of her debt.
One way out of Yoshiwara was for a rich man to buy her contract from the brothel and keep her as his personal concubine. Another would be if she managed to be successful and clever enough that she was able to buy her own freedom. This did not occur very often, though.
Social classes were not strictly divided in Yoshiwara. A commoner with enough money would be served as an equal to a samurai. Though it was discouraged for a samurai to enter the Yoshiwara area, they often did so anyway. The only requirement on them was that all their weapons had to be left at the town's entrance gate. Also by law, the patrons of the brothels were only allowed to stay for a night and a day at a time.
Yoshiwara also became a strong commercial area. The fashions in the town changed frequently, creating a great demand for merchants and artisans. Traditionally the prostitutes were supposed to wear only simple blue robes, but this was rarely enforced. The high-ranking ladies often dressed in the highest fashion of the time, with bright colorful silk kimonos and expensive and elaborate hair decorations. Fashion was so important in Yoshiwara that it frequently dictated the fashion trends for the rest of Japan.
The area was renamed Shin Yoshiwara (New Yoshiwara) in 1857 and damaged by an extensive fire in 1913, then nearly wiped out by an earthquake in 1923. It remained in business, however, until prostitution was abolished by the Japanese government in 1958 after the Second World War.
Edo is now known as the city of Tokyo, Japan and prostitution is said to be illegal, although this supposed illegality has been accomplished by applying a rather strained definition of the term (for example, the definition of "prostitution" for some reason does not extend to a "private agreement" reached between a woman and a man in a brothel). The area known as Yoshiwara, near Minowa station on the Hibiya Line, is now known as Senzoku Yon-chō-me and still retains a large number of soaplands and other façades for sexual services.
[edit] People and services
People involved in mizu shōbai (水商売?) ("the water trade"[3]) would include hōkan (comedians), kabuki (popular theatre of the time), dancers, dandies, rakes, tea-shop girls, Kanō (painters of the official school of painting), courtesans who resided in seirō (green houses) and geisha in their okiya houses.
The courtesans would consist of yūjo (woman of pleasure/prostitute), tayū (high-ranking courtesans), oiran or "castle-topplers", named that way for how quickly they could part a daimyō (lord) from his money, yarite (older chaperones for an oiran), kamuro (young female students), shinzō (senior female students), hashi-jōro (lower-ranking courtesans), kōshi-jōro (high- ranking courtesans just below tayū), and the yobidashi who replaced the tayū when they where priced out of the market.
You would also have geisha/geiko, maiko (apprentice geishas), otoko geisha (male geishas), danna (patrons of a geisha), and okâsan (geisha teahouse managers). The lines between geisha and courtesans were sharply drawn - a geisha would never be sexually involved with a customer. It is probable that geisha did sometimes become involved with clients, however.[1]
[edit] Yoshiwara Today
At first glance, Yoshiwara today looks very similar to many other neighborhoods of modern Tokyo. Still, it does retain legacies to its past as it contains commerical establishments engaged in the Sex Trade. The street grid pattern and the temples and shrines from times past still exist.
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e Avery, Anne Louise. Flowers of the Floating World: Geisha and Courtesans in Japanese Prints and Photographs, 1772–1926 [Exhibition Catalogue] (Sanders of Oxford & Mayfield Press: Oxford, 2006)
- ^ De Becker, J. E. The Nightless City, or The History of the Yoshiwara Yūkaku, (Charles E. Tuttle, Tokyo, 1971), p. 360.
- ^ Dalby, Liza. Geisha (London: Vintage, 2000)
