Feminist economics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Feminist economics broadly refers to a developing branch of economics that applies feminist insights and critiques to economics. Research under this heading is often interdisciplinary, critical, or heterodox. It encompasses debates about the relationship between feminism and economics on many levels: from applying mainstream economic methods to under-researched "women's" areas, to questioning how mainstream economics values the reproductive sector, to deeply philosophical critiques of economic epistemology and methodology.
One prominent issue that feminist economists investigate is how the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) does not adequately measure unpaid labor predominantly performed by women, such as housework, childcare, and eldercare. Since a large part of women's work is rendered invisible, they argue that policies meant to boost the GDP can, in many instances, actually worsen the impoverishment of women, even if the intention is to increase prosperity. For example, opening up a state-owned forest in the Himalayas to commercial logging may increase India's GDP, but women who collect fuel from the forest to cook with may face substantially more hardships.
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[edit] Origins
While attention to women’s economic role and economic differences by gender started in the 1960s and there were important feminist critiques of received economic theories in the 1970s and 1980s, feminist economics took off in earnest with the founding of the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) in 1990 and the journal Feminist Economics in 1994. As in other disciplines, the initial emphasis of feminist economists was to critique the established theory, methodology, and policy approaches. The critique began in microeconomics of the household and labor markets and spread to macroeconomics and international trade, leaving no field in economics untouched. Feminist economists pushed for and produced gender aware theory and analysis, broadened the focus on economics and sought pluralism of methodology and research methods.
Feminist economics is gradually becoming a widely recognized and reputed area of inquiry. In 1997, IAFFE gained Non-Governmental Organization status in the United Nations. The organization boasts approximately 600 members in 43 countries. Although its founding members were mostly based in the US, a majority of IAFFE's current members are based outside of the US. The 2005 ISI Social Science Citation Index ranked the journal Feminist Economics 20th out of 175 among economics journals and 2nd out of 27 among Women's Studies journals.
[edit] Theory and Methodology
Feminist economists have also challenged and exposed the rhetorical approach of mainstream economics (see Deirdre McCloskey's critique). They have made critiques of many basic assumptions of mainstream economics, including the Homo economicus model. They have been instrumental in creating alternative models, such as the Capability Approach and incorporating gender into the analysis of economic data. Marilyn Power suggests that Feminist Economic methodology can be broken down into the following five categories: [1]
[edit] Domestic Systems
Feminist Economists argue that traditional analysis of economic systems often fails to take into account the value of the unpaid work being performed by men and women in a domestic setting. Feminist economists have argued that unpaid work is just as valuable as paid work and that measures of economic success should take unpaid work into account when evaluating economic systems.
[edit] Economic Success
Many feminist economists argue that economic success cannot only be measured in terms of goods, but must also be measured by human well-being. To evaluate economic well-being, one cannot only look at distribution of wealth or income, but one must also look at individual entitlements and needs. Amartya Sen, Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, and other feminist economists have been at the forefront of developing alternatives to the GDP, such as the Human Development Index.
[edit] Human Agency
Human agency is an approach that looks not only at the individual but also the system that constrains an individual's options, or the systems and process behind them. Often many systems have been established over a long period of time and are disproportionately hard for various groups of people to access or take advantage of. A human agency methodology attempts to look at where the power in a system lies and who has unequal access to it.
[edit] Ethical Judgments
This is a methodology that looks at systems not from the point of view of neutral observer, but from a specific moral position and viewpoint.
[edit] Gender, Race, and Class
Feminist economics attempts to not only examine women’s issues in economics, but to also examine the issues of as many other different groups of people as possible. No classification of people can ever capture every element at work and thus, gender, race, class, and caste must also be given as much attention and observation as any other issue.
[edit] Major Areas of Inquiry
[edit] Development
Feminist Economists argue that economic development in the Global South depends in large part on improved reproductive rights; gender equitable laws on ownership and inheritance; and policies that are sensitive to the number of women in the informal sector.
A December 11, 2006 BBC article summarizes a UNICEF report that draws from feminist economic work on development, "The report points to a greater lack of opportunities for girls and women in education and employment that contributes to disempowerment and poverty. Where men control the household, less money is spent on health care and food for the family, resulting in poorer health for the children." Mainstream economists usually assume the family is a single, altruistic unit and that the inputs (i.e. money) are distributed equally. Bina Agarwal and other feminist economists have critiqued the mainstream model and contributed to a robust understanding of intrahousehold bargaining power.
[edit] Employment equity
Systemic study of the ways that women's work is undervalued, undertaken by Marilyn Waring and others in the 1980s and 1990s, began to justify different means of measurement of value - some of which were influential in the theory of social capital and individual capital, which emerged in the late 1990s and, along with ecological economics, influenced modern human development theory.
[edit] Antecedents
Early on, feminist ethicists, economists, political scientists and systems scientists argued that women's traditional work (e.g. child-raising, caring for sick elders) and occupations (e.g. nursing, teaching) are systematically undervalued with respect to that of men. For example, Jane Jacobs' thesis of the "Guardian Ethic" and its contrast to the "Trader Ethic" sought to explain the systematic undervalueing of guardianship activity, including the child-protecting, nurturing, and healing tasks that were traditionally assigned to women. Measures such as employment equity were implemented in developed nations in the 1970s to 1990s, but these were not entirely successful in removing wage gaps even in nations with strong equity traditions.
[edit] Relation to other Disciplines
Green economics incorporates insights from feminist economics and Greens list feminism as an explicit goal of their political measures, often seeking higher valuations for such work. Feminist Economics is also often linked with welfare economics or labour economics, since it emphasizes child welfare, and the value of labour in itself, as opposed to production for a marketplace, the focus of classical economy.
[edit] See Also
[edit] External links
[edit] Useful texts
- Ferber, Marianne A. and Julie A. Nelson (eds.).Beyond economic man : feminist theory and economics. The University of Chicago Press, 1993.
- Agarwal, Bina. A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- Nelson, Julie. Feminism, Objectivity and Economics. Routledge, 1996.
- Power, Marilyn. "Social Provisioning as a Starting Point for Feminist Economics" Feminist Economics. Volume 10, Number 3. Routledge, November 2004
- Barker, Drusilla and Edith Kuiper. Toward a feminist philosophy of economics. Routledge, 2003.
[edit] Graduate Programs Offering Study in Feminist Economics
A small, but growing number of graduate programs around the world offer courses and concentrations in feminist economics.
University of Massachusetts-Amherst Economics Department (USA): Nancy Folbre, Lee Badgett, Lisa Saunders, and Melissa Gonzales-Brenes are on the faculty.
University of Utah Economics Department (USA): Gunseli Berik and Nilufer Catagay are on the faculty.
Colorado State University Economics Department (USA): Elissa Braunstein and Alexandra Bernasek are on the faculty.
American University Economics Department (USA): The Ph.D. program offers feminist perspectives. Mieke Meurs and Maria Floro are on faculty.
Discipline of Political Economy at the University of Sydney (Australia): Gabrielle Meagher is on faculty.
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Economics Department(USA): Offers a field of specialization in feminist economics. Ann Mari May is on the faculty.
University of Massachusetts-Boston Public Policy Program (USA): The program in Public Policy has an emphasis on political economy and multi-cultural approaches. Randy Albelda is on the faculty.
Institute for Social Studies (The Netherlands): Irene van Staveren, Haroon Akram Lodhi, and Diane Elson are on faculty. They teach a fulltime postgraduate course called Gender and Economic Policy Analysis. This may be taken by PhD students from elsewhere who like to learn about feminist development economics. ISS has a PhD program that encourages students to do research in the area of feminist development economics - they invite proposals and offer an interdisciplinary set of courses, which includes some feminist economics as well as attention to gender in development.
The Gender Institute at the London School of Economics (U.K.): Masters' program offerings include "Gender, Development, and Globalisation" while Ph.D. areas of study can include feminist political economy, globalisation and gender, economic restructuring, new economy, and work and care. Diane Perrons is the director.
School of Public Policy and Administration at Carleton University (Canada): Offers a Masters in Public Administration and a Ph.D. in Public Policy. Frances Woolley is on the faculty.
Roosevelt University Economics Department (USA). Offers a master's degree program that includes the study of alternative schools of economic thought. June Lapidus is on the faculty.
[edit] References
- ^ Power, Marilyn. "Social Provisioning as a Starting Point for Feminist Economics" Feminist Economics. Volume 10, Number 3. Routledge, November 2004.
