Fons Trompenaars
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Fons Trompenaars is an author in the field of cross-cultural communication. His books include: Riding the Waves of Culture, Seven Cultures of Capitalism, Building Cross-Cultural Competence and 21 Leaders for the 21st Century.
Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner have developed a model of culture with seven dimensions:
- Universalism vs. particularism (What is more important, rules or relationships?)
- Individualism vs. communitarianism (Do we function in a group or as individuals?)
- Neutral vs. affective (Do we display our emotions?)
- Specific vs. diffuse (Is responsibility specifically assigned or diffusely accepted?)
- Achieved status vs. ascribed status (Do we have to prove ourselves to receive status or is it given to us?)
- Time orientation (Do we do things one at a time or several things at once?)
- Oriented toward the past, present, or future
- Sequential time vs. synchronic time
- Internal vs. external orientation (Do we control our environment or work with it?)
