Franco-Spanish War (1653)
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The Franco-Spanish War was a military conflict between France and Spain. It began with France intervention into the Thirty Years' War in 1635 and finally ending in 1659 with the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
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[edit] Background
In 1634 a Spanish-Imperial army decisively defeated the Swedish army in the Battle of Nördlingen. France had long provided subsidies to the opponents of the Hansburgs, but with the threat of a Habsburg victory France entered the war.
[edit] Part of the Thirty Years' War (1635-1648)
The French army now tied up Spanish forces in the Southern Netherlands. The French also sent forces through Lorraine into the Alsace to cut the Spanish road, the vital supply line connecting the Spanish Netherlands to Spain through the Mediterranean port of Genoa. In 1643, the French defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Rocroi, shattering the invincibility of the Spanish Infantry.
During the last decade of the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish forces in the Southern Netherlands were sandwiched between French and Dutch forces. When the peace treaty was negotiated, France insisted upon Spain being excluded. In the Peace of Westphalia, France gained territory in the Alsace, thus interrupting the Spanish Road.
[edit] Later War (1648-1659)
When the first two episodes of the civil war in France known as the Fronde were now over, the whole country, wearied of anarchy and disgusted with the princes, came to look to the king's party as the party of order and settled government, and thus the Fronde prepared the way for the absolutism of Louis XIV. The general war that had been initiated by the French nobles continued in Flanders, Catalonia and Italy, wherever a Spanish and a French garrison were face to face, and Condé, with the wreck of his army, openly and definitely entered the service of the king of Spain. This "Spanish Fronde" was almost purely a military affair and, except for a few outstanding incidents, dull to boot.
In 1653 France was so exhausted that neither invaders nor defenders were able to gather supplies to enable them to take the field till July. At one moment, near Péronne, Condé had Turenne at a serious disadvantage, but he could not galvanize the Spanish general Count Fuensaldana, who was more solicitous to preserve his master's soldiers than to establish Condé as mayor of the palace to the king of France, and the armies drew apart again without fighting. In 1654 the principal incident was the siege and relief of Arras. On the night of the 24th-25th August the lines of circumvallation drawn round that place by the prince were brilliantly stormed by Turenne's army, and Condé won equal credit for his safe withdrawal of the besieging corps under cover of a series of bold cavalry charges led by himself as usual, sword in hand.
In 1655 Turenne captured the fortresses of Landrecies, Condé and St Ghislain. In 1656 the prince of Condé revenged himself for the defeat of Arras by storming Turenne's circumvallation around Valenciennes (16th July), but Turenne drew off his forces in good order. The campaign of 1657 was uneventful, and is only to be remembered because a body of 6000 British infantry, sent by Cromwell in pursuance of his treaty of alliance with Mazarin, took part in it. The presence of the English contingent and its very definite purpose of making Dunkirk a new Calais, to be held by England for ever, gave the next campaign a character of certainty and decision which was entirely wanting in the rest of the war.
Dunkirk was besieged promptly and in great force, and when Don Juan of Austria and Condé appeared with the relieving army from Fumes, Turenne advanced boldly to meet them. The battle of the Dunes, fought on June 14, 1658, was the first real trial of strength since the battle of the Faubourg St Antoine. Successes on one wing were compromised by failure on the other, but in the end Condé drew off with heavy losses, the success of his own cavalry charges having entirely failed to make good the defeat of the Spanish right wing amongst the Dunes. Here the "red-coats" made their first appearance on a continental battlefield, under the leadership of Sir W. Lockhart, Cromwell's ambassador at Paris, and astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assaults, for they were the products of a war (English Civil War) where passions ran higher and the determination to win rested on deeper foundations than in the degringolade of the feudal spirit in which they now figured after decades of war had sapped the main parties of all belief. Dunkirk fell, and was handed over to England, as promised, so flying the St George's cross till Charles II sold it to the king of France. A last desultory campaign followed in 1659 before the war ended.
[edit] Aftermath
The Peace of the Pyrenees was signed on November 5. On January 27, 1660 the Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé asked and obtained at Aix-en-Provence the forgiveness of Louis XIV. The later careers of Turenne and Condé as great generals were as obedient subjects of their sovereign.
[edit] Publications
- Barante, Le Parlement de Paris et vie de M. Molé (Paris, 1859)
- Pardoe, Louis XIV and the Court of France (1847; London, 1888)
- Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz
- Gordon, The Fronde, (Oxford, 1905)
- Lettres du Cardinal Mazarin (Paris, 1878-1906)
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
- This article incorporates text from an edition of the New International Encyclopedia that is in the public domain.
