Utilisateur:Ancalagon/Brouillon
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.
John Graham de Claverhouse, 1er vicomte de Dundee (1648 - 27 juillet 1689) appartient à une famille descendant du roi Robert III et a acquis l'état de Claverhouse près de Dundee en Écosse. Fils aîné de Sir William Graham and de Lady Madeline Carnegie, Graham reçut son éducation à l'Université de St Andrews entre 1660 et 1670.
Sommaire |
[modifier] Jeunesse
Il commence sa carrière militaire au service du roi de France Louis XIV à l'instar de beaucoup d'Écossais. Il sert dans l'armée française pendant quatre ans. Lorsque la guerre entre les Anglais et les Provinces-Unies s'achève, il entre chez les gardes du Prince d'Orange, dont il sauve d'ailleurs la vie à la bataille de Seneffe en 1674. En récompense de ses actions, Dundee reçoit une charge de capitaine dans la même troupe. Il démissionne quelques années plus tard, déçu de n'avoir pu obtenir la tête d'un régiment.
[modifier] Service militaire en Écosse
À son retour de Hollande, Graham est nommé capitaine par Charles II et envoyé en Écosse en 1678 afin de mettre un terme aux conventicules (réunions presbytériennes dans les Lowlands) jugés séditieux par le roi.
Sa réputation acquise dans la répression acharnée des Covenanters, , lui a valu dans Dumfries and Galloway le surnom de Traduction inconnue|Bluidy Clavers|en}}.
His reputation for relentless repression of the Covenanters, as they are known today, in Dumfries and Galloway earned the nickname of "Bluidy Clavers".
Les difficultés de sa tâche, l'hostilité de la population, ainsi que la nature et l'étendue de l'espace qu'il devait surveiller étaient trop grands pour .... . En dépit de son action vigoureuse et énergique, Graham n'obtient que de faibles résultats.
The difficulties of his task, the hostility of the populace, and the nature and extent of the country he was required to watch were too great for the leader of a small body of cavalry, and in spite of his vigorous and energetic action, Graham accomplished little.
Il ??? avec zèle cependant, et ??? systématiquement les ordres qu'il reçut.
He conducted his occupation with zest, however, and interpreted consistently the orders he received.
Le 1er juin 1679, les Covenanters le mettent en déroute avec son armée à la bataille de Drumclog. Il se replie sur Glasgow On 1 June 1679 the Covenanters routed him and his army at the Battle of Drumclog, whereupon he fled to Glasgow, successfully defending it until his party left on 3 June, heading towards Stirling.
Later joined by the Duke of Monmouth, the whole of the militia, and two regiments of dragoons, both sides met again at the Battle of Bothwell Brig, on 22 June, and the Covenanters were convincingly routed.
Il est dépêché à Londres en 1680 afin prévenir le roi contre In 1680 he was despatched to London to influence the king against the indulgent method adopted by the Duke of Monmouth with the extreme Covenanting party.
The king seems to have been fascinated by his loyal supporter, and from that moment Graham was destined to rise in rank and honors.
Early in 1680 he obtained a royal grant of the barony of the outlawed Macdougal of Freuch, and the grant was after some delay confirmed by subsequent orders upon the exchequer in Scotland.
In January 1681 he was appointed to the sherifships of Wigtown, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright and Annandale.
En décembre 1682 Graham est nommé colonel d'un régiment nouvellement levé en Écosse. In December 1682 Graham was appointed colonel of a new regiment raised in Scotland.
He had still greater honors in view.
En janvier 1683, le cas du Earl de Lauderdale est débattu à la Chambre des Lords.
In January 1683 the case of the earl of Lauderdale was debated in the House of Lords.
Lauderdale était propriétaire des terres de Dundee et Dudhope et le décret des Lords contre lui se solda en mars 1683]] par la somme de 72 000 livres.
Lauderdale was proprietor of the lands and lordship of Dundee and Dudhope, and the decree of the Lords against him was in March 1683 issued for the sum of 72,000 pounds.
et en mai, il fut nommé au Conseil privé d'Écosse. Graham succeeded in having part of the property of the defaulter transferred to him by royal grant, and in May he was nominated to the privy council of Scotland.
[modifier] Mariage et promotion
Étonnamment, il épousa en 1674 Lady Jean Cochrane, la fille d'une famille de covenantaires acharnés.
Surprisingly, he married Lady Jean Cochrane, a daughter of a fiercely Covenanting family in 1674.
Un peu après la mort de Charles II en 1685, Graham traversa une disgrâce momentanée, déchu de son statut de membre du Bureau du Conseil privé; mais en mai, il est rétablit dans ses fonctions, bien que sa charge de justiciary(???), qui avait expirée, ne fut pas renouvelée.
Shortly after the death of Charles II in 1685, Graham incurred a temporary disgrace by his deposition from the office of privy councillor; but in May he was reinstated, although his commission of justiciary, which had expired, was not renewed.
En 1686 il est promu au rang de général-major et se voit s'ajouter à sa position de constable le rang de prévôt de Dundee.
In 1686 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and had added to his position of constable the dignity of provost of Dundee.
En 1688, il est commandant en second du Général Douglas dans l'armée In 1688 he was second in command to General Douglas in the army which had been ordered to England to aid the falling dynasty of the Stuarts.
En 1688, il devient Vicomte de Dundee, titre créé par Jacques II ???
In 1688, however, he was created Viscount Dundee by James II while with the Scots army in England.
[modifier] Pendant la Révolution de 1689
Dundee returned to Scotland in anticipation of the meeting of the convention, and at once exerted himself to confirm the waning resolution of the duke of Gordon with regard to holding Edinburgh Castle for the king.
La convention s'avérant hostile, il conçoit l'idée de former une autre convention à Stirling qui siègerait au nom de Jacques II. Devant l'hésitation de ses associés, l'idée est abandonnée.
The convention proving hostile, he conceived the idea of forming another convention at Stirling to sit in the name of James II, but the hesitancy of his associates rendered the design futile, and it was given up. Previous to this, on 18 March, he had left Edinburgh at the head of a company of fifty dragoons, who were strongly attached to his person. He was not long gone ere the news was brought to the alarmed convention. that he had been seen clambering up the castle rock and holding conference with the duke of Gordon. In excitement and confusion order after order was despatched in reference to the fugitive. Dundee retired to Dudhope. On 30 March he was publicly denounced as a traitor, and in the latter half of April attempts were made to secure him at Dudhope, and at his residence in Glen Ogilvy. But the secrecy and speed of his movements outwitted his pursuers, and he retreated to the north.
En 1689, après le renversement du Roi Jacques, il devient un fervent supporter de la cause des Stuart.
In 1689, after the overthrow of King James, he became a fervent supporter of the Stuart cause.
Viscount Dundee raised his standard on Dundee Law in support of the Jacobite cause.
Pendant quatre mois, il mobilisa des soutiens dans l'espoir que le Roi Jacques reviendrait d'Irlande.
For four months he rallied support in the hope that King James would return from Ireland.
Sa plus grande victoire fut la bataille de Killiecrankie, le 27 juillet de la même année contre les forces ??? dirigées par le général Hugh MacKay.
His greatest victory was at the Battle of Killiecrankie, later that year against Williamite forces led by General Hugh Mackay.
The Highlanders Graham led were completely victorious, but their leader, in the act of encouraging his men, was pierced beneath the breastplate by a musket ball of the enemy, and fell dying from his horse.
Graham asked a soldier 'How goes the day?' The man replied 'Well for King James, but I am sorry for your lordship.'
The dying Graham replied, 'If it goes well for him, it matters the less for me.'
Within an hour or two before his death he wrote a short account of the engagement to King James.
The battle, disastrous as it was to the government forces, was in reality the end of the insurrection, for the controlling and commanding genius of the rebellion was no more.
La mort de Dundee, , est à la source de nombreuses légendes. La plus connue est la tradition répandue selon laquelle il était invulnérable à tous les balles et qu'il fut tué par un bouton d'argent de sa propre veste.
The death of Dundee, in the midst and the confusion of a cavalry charge, formed the subject of numerous legends, the best known of which is the long prevalent tradition that he was invulnerable to all bullets and was killed by a silver button from his own coat.
Il mourut à proximité de St Bride's Kirk He died at nearby St Bride's Kirk a few miles away.
The use of "Bonnie Dundee" as an epithet dates from Sir Walter Scott's song, the original old ballad of that name being concerned with the town of Dundee.
[modifier] References
- 1911
[modifier] External links
- Claverhouse, an 1887 biography of John Graham, by Mowbray Morris, from Project Gutenberg
Catégorie:Naissance en 1648|Dundee, John Graham, 1er vicomte de]] Catégorie:Décès en 1689|Dundee, John Graham, 1er vicomte de]] Catégorie:Personnalité écossaise|Dundee, John Graham, 1er vicomte de]]
