Hajduk (soldiers)

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The Hajduk were Hungarian irregular or mercenary soldiers in the 16th and 17th centuries. The term has numerous alternative spellings in English including heyduck, hayduck, heyduk, and haiduk.

The Hungarian term hajdú (hajduk is the plural) may derive from hajtó which meant (cattle) drover. In 16th century Hungary, cattle driving was an important and dangerous occupation and drovers traveled armed. Some of them ended up as bandits or retainers in the service of local landowners and many may have become solders. In any case, the term hajduk came to be used in the 16th century to describe irregular soldiers. There is probably an etymological link between hajdú and the Turkish word hajdud which was used by the Ottomans to describe Hungarian infantry soldiers, though it is not clear whether the word travelled from Hungarian to Turkish or vice versa. In Serbia and the Banat region in the 18th century hajduk referred to an infantry soldier, though the term is now used for a brigand (see Hajduk).

In 1604-1606, István Bocskay, Lord of Bihar county, led an insurrection against the Habsburg Emperor, whose army had recently occupied Transylvania and begun a reign of terror. The bulk of Bocskay's army was composed of serfs who had either fled from the war and the Habsburg drive toward Catholic conversion, or been dicharged from the Imperial Army. These peasants were known as the hajduk, a term associated in the Hungarian language with the cattle drovers of the Great Plains. As a reward for their service, Bocskay emancipated the hajduk from the jurisdiction of their lords, granted them land, and guaranteed them rights to own property and to personal freedom. The emancipated hajduk constituted a new "warrior estate" within Hungarian feudal society. Many of the settlements created at this time still bear the prefix Hajdú.

The word hajduk entered the Polish language from Hungarian in the 17th century, referring to a Hungarian soldier.