Harmon Trophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Harmon Trophy is a set of three international trophies, to be awarded annually to the world's outstanding aviator, aviatrix (female aviator), and aeronaut (balloon or dirigible). A fourth trophy, the "National Trophy," was awarded from 1926 through 1938 to the most outstanding aviator in each of the twenty-one member countries and again from 1946-1948 to honor Americans who contibuted to aviation. The award was established in 1926 by Clifford B. Harmon, a wealthy balloonist and aviator.
The awards are described by the Clifford B. Harmon Trust as:
- "American awards for the most outstanding international achievements in the arts and/or science of aeronautics for the preceding year, with the art of flying receiving first consideration."[1]
[edit] World War II and Harmon's Death
Prior to World War II, the award was administered by the International League of Aviators (Ligue Internationale des Aviateurs), an organization founded by Harmon to serve as "an agent for Peace and National security."[2] The League became defunct during the War and Harmon's death on June 25,1945 in Cannes, France [3] put the awards in turmoil. Harmon left $55,000 of his estate to continue funding the award in "perpetuity," but Harmon's relatives challenged the bequest.[4] Ultimately, a trust fund of $48,431 was created in 1948.[5]
During the period the awards were in litigation (1945-1948), the American Section of the League awarded the International Aviator Trophy to three U.S. leaders in aviation. However, since the awards were not approved by other League Sections, the awards are technically invalid. Also, these three awards were given without consideration to the "art of flying" and the awards did not recognize a superlative aviation achievement, rather recognized American aviation industry leaders. President Truman's staff questioned the award to Alexander de Seversky, Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington stating, "he [de Seversky] did absolutely nothing to deserve it."[6] Truman also did not make time to present the 1948 award to Trans World Airlines CEO Ralph Damon[7] or Brazilian aviation pioneer Francisco Pignatari[8] The award to Pan American World Airways President Juan Trippe in 1946 was the only one presented without debate.
Since 1997 or 1998, the National Aeronautic Association has been responsible for awarding the trophies. With the exception of the Aeronaut trophy, all are inactive.
The trustees wrestled with how to treat space flight. Bound by the court to offer only three trophies, the trustees first agreed that "feats of piloting in both earth orbiting or outer space vehicles will be considered for the Harmon Awards provided the vehicles are controlled by their pilots rather from the ground."[9] The advisory committee directed the trustees to alternate awarding the aeronaut trophy between balloonists and astronauts, but the trustees decided to offer the aviator award to aviation and astronaut recipients.[10] A fifth trophy was created in 1969 to honor achievements in space flight.[11]
Some aviatrix awards from 1980-1990 were awarded by the Ninety-Nines based on research performed by Fay Gillis Wells. This work was not coordinated with the NAA or Smithsonian.
The original awards were 24-inch-tall bronze statues [1]. The aviator trophy depicts World War I flying ace Raoul Lufbery launching a biplane set next to an eagle about to take wing. The statuette was created by sculptor Roumanbona M'Divani. The Smithsonian Institution acquired the aviator's trophy in 1950 from the Clifford B. Harmon Trust. The aviatrix trophy (at right) depicts a winged goddess cradling a falcon with outstretched wings. The aeronaut trophy was lost in Germany between May 1940 and October 1953 and was believed to have been sold as scrap. The three-foot-tall, 150-pound statue of five aviators holding the globe on their shoulders was found in a junk store and subsequently given to the Smithsonian after the presentation of the 1952 awards.[12]
[edit] List of award winners
The following is an incomplete list compiled from several sources. The Aeronaut, National and Astronaut categories have not been listed in a central location. The NAA and the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum worked to assemble a complete list to be published in conjunction with the NAA's hundredth anniversary in 2005, however this project was not completed and it appears that the source documents for a period of awards were destroyed.
| Year | Aviator[13] | Aviatrix[13] | Aeronaut[13][14] | National[13] | Astronaut |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | Lt. Col. George Pelletier-Doisy, France, [15] | No Award Presented | General Umberto Nobile, Italy | Shirley J. Short, United States, Cdr. Hirosi Abe, Japan, Maj. Mario de Bernardi, Italy[16] | |
| 1927 | Col. Charles A. Lindbergh, United States | Lady Mary Bailey, Great Britain | Commander Charles E. Rosendahl, United States | ||
| 1928 | Col. Arturo Ferrarin, Italy | Lady Mary Bailey, Great Britain | Dr. Hugo Eckener, Germany | Carl Eielson[17] | |
| 1929 | Maj. Dieudonne Costes, France[18] | Miss Winifred Spooner, Great Britain | Dr. Hugo Eckener, Germany | Maj. James H. Doolittle, United States[19] | |
| 1930 | Maj. Dieudonne Costes, France | Miss Amy Johnson Mollison, Great Britain | Dr. Hugo Eckener, Germany (dirigible), Ward T. Van Orman, United States (spherical balloon) | Lt. Cdr. Frank Hawks | |
| 1931 | Air Marshal Italo Balbo, Italy[20] | Mrs. Maryse Bastié, France[20] | Dr. Hugo Eckener, Germany (dirigible), Prof. Auguste Piccard, Switzerland (spherical balloon)[20] | Clyde Pangborn, United States, Hugh Herndon, United States, Ruth Nichols, United States, Air Commodore, Charles Kingsford-Smith Australia, Bert Hinkler, Great Britain, Amy Johnson, Great Britain, Peggy Salaman, Great Britain, Captain von Gronau, Germany, Marga von Etzdorf, Germany[20] | |
| 1932 | Wolfgang von Gronau, Germany[21] | Mrs. Amelia Earhart Putnam, United States[21] | Prof. Auguste Piccard, Switzerland (spherical balloon), Capt. Ernst A. Lehmann, (dirigible)[21] | Roscoe Turner, United States, Warren D. Williams, United States (dirigible), Lt. Cdr. Charles E. C. Rosendahl, United States (dirigible), Lt. Thomas W. G. Settle, United States (spherical balloon)[21] | |
| 1933 | Wiley Post, United States[22] | Maryse Hiltz, France[22] | Lt. Cdr. Thomas W. G. Settle, United States (Spherical Balloon), Dr. Hugo Eckener, Germany (dirigible)[22] | Mrs. Anne Morrow Lindbergh, United States, Lt. Cdr. Charles E. C. Rosendahl, United States (dirigible), Lt. Cdr. Thomas W. G. Settle, United States (spherical balloon), Francesco Agello, Italy, Mariano Barbaron, Spain (posthumously), Joaquin Collar, Spain (posthumously)[22] | |
| 1934 | Charles W. A. Scott, Great Britain[23] | Hélène Boucher, France (posthumously)[23] | Capt. Ernst A. Lehmann, Germany (dirigible), Mme. Jeannette Piccard, Switzerland (United States) (spherical balloon)[23] | Miss Laura Ingalls, United States, Dean C. Smith, United States, Lt. Cdr. H. V. Wiley, United States (dirigible), Maj. William E. Kepner, United States (spherical balloon), Edgardo Bonnet, Argentina, Maria Leloir de Udaondo, Argentina, Charles Kingsford-Smith, Australia, Teddy Franchomme, Belgium, E. Demuyter, Belgium, Mlle. S. Lippens, Belgium, Michael Hansen, Denmark, U. Makela, Finland, Jean Mermoz, France, Raymond Delmotte, France, Germain Bonnet, France, Heinl Dittmar, Germany, Hans Kurt Fleming, Germany, Elly Beinhorn, Germany, K. D. Parmentier, Holland, Francesco Agello, Italy, Monosaburo Shinno, Japan, Kikuko Matsumoto, Japan, Capt. Jerzl Bajan, Poland, Franciszek Hynek, Poland, Humberto da Cruz, Portugal, Herman Baron, San Salvador, Luang Prung Prechakas, Siam, Ramon Torres, Spain, Walther Mittelholzer, Switzerland[23] | |
| 1935 | Capt. Edwin Musick, United States[24] | Jean Batten, Great Britain (New Zealand), Amelia Earhart, United States[24] | Maj. Orvil A. Anderson, United States, Capt. Albert W. Stevens (spherical balloon), Capt. Hans von Schiller, Germany (dirigible)[24] | Arnold Looz-Corswarem, Belgium, Michael Hansen, Denmark, Capt. J. F. Broadbent, Great Britain, Andre Japy, France, Bertha Alisch, Germany, Elly Beinhorn, Germany, Mario Stoppani, Italy, Casimiro Babbi, Italy, Marchesa Carina Negrone, Italy, Hoja Dzenitis, Litunania, Gomez Namorado, Portugal, Juan Ignacio Pombo, Spain[24] | |
| 1936 | Howard Hughes, United States[25] | Jean Batten, Great Britain (New Zealand)[25] | Capt. Ernest A. Lehmann, Germany, Ernest De Muyter, Belgium | Mrs. Louise Thaden, United States, James Diamond, United States[25], Carl Gotze, Jr., Germany | |
| 1937 | Henry T. Merrill, United States[26] | Jean Batten, Great Britain (New Zealand)[26] | No Award Presented | Miss Jacqueline Cochran, United States, Howard Hughes, United States[26] | |
| 1938 | Howard Hughes, United States, [27] | Jacqueline Cochran, United States[27] | No Award Presented | Lt. Col. Robert Olds, United States (Diploma of Honor), Roscoe Turner, United States, Capt. Kellett and crew, Great Britain, Michael Hansen, Denmark, Maurice Rossi, France, Elizabeth Lion, France, Capt. Alfred Henks, Germany, Hanna Reitsch, Germany, Lt. Col. Mario Pezzi, Italy, Maj. Yuzo Fujita, Japan, Capt. Viktors Eglitis, Latvia, Victor Alfredo Lara, San Salvador, Maj. Tonnard, Belgium (spherical balloon), Capt. Max Pruss, Germany (dirigible), Capt. Antoni Janusz, Poland (sperical balloon)[27] | |
| 1939 | Maj. Alexander P. de Seversky, United States[28] | Jacqueline Cochran, United States[29] | No Award Presented | ||
| 1945 | Francisco Pignatari, Brazil | ||||
| 1946 | Juan T. Trippe, United States[30] | ||||
| 1947 | Alexander P. de Seversky, United States[31] | ||||
| 1948 | Ralph S. Damon[32] | ||||
| 1949 | Louis A. Johnson[33] | ||||
| 1940-1949[34] | Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, United States, Geoffrey de Havilland, Great Britain (posthumously) (Citation of Honorable Mention), Capt. Charles E. Yeager, United States (Citation of Honorable Mention)[35] | Jacqueline Cochran, United States, Pauline Gower, United States (posthumously) (Citation of Honorable Mention)[35] | Vice Admiral Charles E. Rosendahl, United States, M. Charles Dollfus, France (Citation of Honorable Mention), Lt. Howard R. Walton, United States (posthumously) (Citation of Honorable Mention)[35] | ||
| 1950 | Col. David C. Schilling, United States[36] | No Award Presented[36] | No Award Presented[36] | ||
| 1951 | Capt. Charles F. Blair, United States[37] | Jacqueline Auriol, France[37] | Lt. Carl J. Seiberlich, United States[37] | ||
| 1952 | Col. Bernt Balchen, United States (Norwegian-born)[38] | Jacqueline Auriol, France[38] | Walter L. Massic, United States[38] | ||
| 1953 | Maj. Charles E. Yeager, United States[39] | Jacqueline Cochran, United States[39] | No Award Presented[39] | ||
| 1954 | J. F. Coleman, United States[40] | No Award Presented | Capt. Marion H. Eppes, United States[40] | ||
| 1955 | Group Captain John Cunningham, Great Britain[41] | Mme. Jacquline Auriol, France[41] | Lt. Cdr. John A. Mills, United States[41] | ||
| 1956 | Lt. Col. Frank K. Everest Jr., United States[42] | Mme. Jacquline Auriol, France | Lt. Cdr. Malcolm D. Ross, United States, Lt. Cdr. Morton L. Lewis, United States[42] | ||
| 1957 | Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, United States[43] | No Award Presented | Cdr. Jack R. Hunt, United States[43] | ||
| 1958 | Maj. André Edouard Turcat, France[44] | No Award Presented | |||
| 1959 | Capt. Joe B. Jordan, United States[45] | No Award Presented | Capt. Joseph Kittinger, United States[45] | ||
| 1960 | A. Scott Crossfield, United States, Capt. Joseph A. Walker, United States, Maj. Robert M. White, United States[46] | No Award Presented | |||
| 1961 | Lt. Col. William R. Payne, United States[47] | Jacqueline Cochran, United States[47] | Cdr. Malcolm D. Ross, United States, Lt. Cdr. Victor E. Prather, United States (posthumously)[47] | ||
| 1962 | Maj. Fitzhugh L. Fulton Jr., United States[48] | No Award Presented[48] | Mrs. Nini Boesman, Netherlands (subsequently canceled[49])[48] | ||
| 1963 | Maj. L. Gordon Cooper, United States[48] | Betty Miller, United States[48] | No Award Presented[48] | ||
| 1964 | Max Conrad, United States[50] | Joan Merriam Smith, United States (posthumously)[50] | No Award Presented[50] | ||
| 1965 | Cmdr. James Lovell Jr., United States, Lt. Col. Frank Borman, United States, Capt. Wally Schirra, United States, Maj. Thomas P. Stafford, United States[51] | No Award Presented | |||
| 1966 | Cmdr. James Lovell Jr., United States, Maj. Edwin E. Aldrin, United States, Maj. Edward H. White II, United States[52] | Sheila Scott, Great Britain[52] | No Award Presented[10] | ||
| 1967 | Maj. William J. Knight, United States[53] | No Award Presented | |||
| 1968 | Maj. Jerrauld R. Gentry, United States[11] | No Award Presented | Col. Frank Borman, United States, Capt. James A. Lovell, United States, Lt. Col. William A. Anders, United States[11] | ||
| 1969 | Squadron Leader Thomas Lecky-Thompson, Great Britain, Squadron Leader Graham Williams, Great Britain[54] | Turi Widerøe, Norway[54] | No Award Presented[54] | Neil Armstrong, United States, Edwin E. Aldrin, United States, Michael Collins, United States[54] | |
| 1970 | Brian Trubshaw, Great Britain, Maj. André Edouard Turcat, France[55] | Sheila Scott, Great Britain | No Award Presented | ||
| 1971 | Lt. Col. Thomas B. Estes, United States, Lt. Col. Dewain C. Vick, United States[55] | Geraldyn Cobb, United States[55] | No Award Presented | ||
| 1972 | Lt. Col. Edgar L. Allison, United States[56] | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | ||
| 1973 | Col. Edward Nash, United States[56] | No Award Presented | Malcolm S. Forbes, Sr., United States[56] | Captain Charles Conrad, Jr., United States, Captain Paul J. Weitz, United States, Captain Joseph Kerwin, United States[56] | |
| 1974 | |||||
| 1975 | Lt. Col. Herbert M. Fix, United States | Marion Rice Hart, United States | |||
| 1976 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1977 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1978 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1979 | Byran Allen, United States | No Award Presented | |||
| 1980 | Lt. (jg) John Currier, United States | No Award Presented | |||
| 1981 | Jerry Foster, United States[57] | Janice Lee Brown, United States[57] | John W. Young, United States, Capt. Robert L. Crippen, United States, Col. Joseph H. Engle, United States, Capt. Richard Truly, United States[57] | ||
| 1982 | Dormon Cannon, United States, | No Award Presented | |||
| 1983 | No Award Presented | Dr. Sally Ride, United States | |||
| 1984 | Senator Barry Goldwater, United States | Brooke Knapp, United States | |||
| 1985 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1986 | Chief Warrant Officer Jon Iseminger, United States | Jeana Yeager, United States | |||
| 1987 | Allen E. Paulson, United States | Lois McCallin, United States | |||
| 1988 | Kanellos Kanellopoulos, Greece | Anne Baddour, United States | Per Lindstrand | ||
| 1989 | Capt. George A. Hof Jr., United States, Dr. Max E. Shauck, United States | Gaby Kennard, Australia | |||
| 1990 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1991 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1992 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1993 | No Award Presented | Vance D. Brand, United States | |||
| 1994 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented | |||
| 1995 | No Award Presented | Eileen M. Collins, United States | |||
| 1998 | No Award Presented | Steve Fossett | |||
| 1999 | Don Cameron | Dr. Bertrand Piccard, Switzerland, Brian Jones, Great Britain | |||
| 2000 | No Award Presented | David Hempleman-Adams | |||
| 2001 | Jennifer Murray, United Kingdom (United States) | Richard Abruzzo | |||
| 2002 | No Award Presented | Steve Fossett | |||
| 2003 | No Award Presented | Richard Abruzzo | |||
| 2004 | No Award Presented | David Hempleman-Adams | |||
| 2005 | No Award Presented | Carol Rymer Davis, Richard Abruzzo | |||
| 2006 | No Award Presented | No Award Presented |
[edit] References
- ^ "Harmon International Trophies Origin and Purpose", Personal Collection of Charles E. Rosendahl. University of Texas, Dallas.
- ^ "Clifford B. Harmon to President Herbert Clark Hoover", Hoover Papers, Hoover Library, 1929-11-23.
- ^ "Col.Harmon Dies; Aviation Pioneer; Donor of Aeronautic Trophy a Leader in Modern Technique --Suggested World Force Turned to Ballooning Wanted International Air Force Part in Naval Bombing" (fee required), New York Times, 1945-07-03, p. 13. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
- ^ "3 Endorse Fund for Air Awards; Harmon Trophy Winners Testify in Fight of Heirs Against Bequest of $55,000" (fee required), New York Times, 1948-04-21, p. 56. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
- ^ "$48,431 to Harmon Fund; Sum Willed by Air Enthusiast to Maintain Trophy Awards" (fee required), New York Times, 1948-10-27, p. 54. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
- ^ "RB to Matthew J. Connelly", Truman Papers, Truman Library, 1947-06-14, p. WHCF: OF 1049 357R.
- ^ "Estelle Friedrichs to Matthew J. Connelly", Truman Papers, Truman Library, 1946-12-02, p. WHCF: OF 1049 357R.
- ^ "Matthew J. Connelly to Joseph P. Rowan", Truman Papers, Truman Library, 1949-07-25, p. WHCF: OF 1049 357R.
- ^ "Raphael H. Beauduy to Charles E. Rosendahl", Personal Collection of Charles E. Rosendahl. University of Texas, Dallas, 1962-02-21.
- ^ a b "Edward F. X. Ryan to Mary V. Brosnahan", Personal Collection of Charles E. Rosendahl. University of Texas, Dallas, 1967-08-03.
- ^ a b c "Maj. Gentry Gets Harmon Trophy" (fee required), New York Times, 1969-09-08, p. 82. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
- ^ "Missing Air Trophy is Returned to U.S." (fee required), New York Times, 1953-11-06, p. 14. Retrieved on January 22, 2007.
- ^ Aeronaut awards from 1998 on provided by the National Aeronautic Association's Recent aeronaut list
- ^ "Peace Ace", Time, 1927-01-24. Retrieved on February 16, 2007.
- ^ Air Mail Ace Wins Harmon 1926 Trophy; Aviation Award to Pilot Short Is for Merit of Consistent Flying Over Spectacular Performances, New York Times, January 14, 1927
- ^ Carl "Ben" Eielson Biography, National Aviation Hall of Fame
- ^ Time Magazine, March 17, 1930
- ^ Aviation Trophy Given to Doolittle; He Receives Harmon Award at Cleveland for His Work in "Blind" Flying, New York Times, April 8, 1931
- ^ a b c d General Balbo Wins the Harmon Trophy; Declared 1931 World Aviation Champion -- Ruth Nichols, Pangborn and Herndon Honored, New York Times, March 5, 1932
- ^ a b c d Amelia Earhart Honored; Receives Award of Harmon Trophy for Transatlantic Flight, New York Times, April 15, 1933
- ^ a b c d Post and Settle Win Flying Prizes; Gain Harmon International Trophies for 1933 for World and Stratosphere Flights. Mrs. Lindbergh Honored Takes Award as Leading U.S. Aviatrix Last Year -- Rosendahl and Eckener Also Named, New York Times, April 22, 1934
- ^ a b c d Harmon Air Prize is Won by Scott; Briton Gets the International Award for Best Aviator -- Capt. Lehmann Honored, New York Times, March 11, 1935
- ^ a b c d World's Air Title is Won by Musick; Veteran Pilot of Pan American Clipper Ships Is Named to Get the Harmon Trophy, New York Times, April 18, 1936
- ^ a b c Air Prize for Hughes; Jean Batten Honored; American Cross-Country Flier and New Zealand Girl Get Harmon Trophies, New York Times, March 1, 1937
- ^ a b c Merrill, Jean Batten Win Harmon Awards; Aviation Honors American and New Zealander-Hughes and Miss Cochran, Named, New York Times, February 18, 1938
- ^ a b c Hughes is Named Aviation Champion; Round-the-World Flier Gets Harmon Trophy--Olds of Army Wins Medal and Diploma, New York Times, March 25, 1939
- ^ De Seversky Honored for Plane Advances; Receives Harmon Trophy From President--Sees Air Navies, New York Times, December 20, 1940
- ^ Trophy Presented to Miss Cochran; Flier Receives the Clifford Burke Harmon Award From Mrs. Roosevelt, New York Times, November 9, 1940
- ^ Harry S. Truman - The President's Day, February 27, 1947
- ^ Harry S. Truman - Truman presenting aeronautics award to Alexander de Seversky, June 24, 1947
- ^ Ralph S. Damon Honored, New York Times, June 24, 1949
- ^ "RLK to Matthew J. Connelly", Truman Papers, Truman Library, 1950-03-22, p. WHCF: OF 1049 357R.
- ^ The Harmon Trophy was presented once for the entire decade. Time Magazine, November 13, 1950
- ^ a b c Harry S. Truman - The President's Day, November 2, 1950
- ^ a b c Harmon Prize Won by Col. Schilling; Leading Fighter Pilot in Last War Named World's Top Aviator of 1950, New York Times, July 5, 1951
- ^ a b c Airline Pilot Wins Top Harmon Prize; Capt. C. F. Blair Jr. Is Named 'Outstanding Aviator' -Award to Mme. Auriol, New York Times, July 5, 1952
- ^ a b c 3 Fliers Selected for Harmon Prizes; Col. Balchen, Jacqueline Auriol and Blimp Test Pilot Named Winners of 1953 {presented in 1953 for 1952} Trophies, New York Times, July 5, 1953
- ^ a b c Yeager, Cochran Win Air Trophies; Harmon Judges Pick Major and Aviatrix for Flights Topping Speed of Sound, New York Times, July 5, 1954
- ^ a b Harmon Prizes go for 2 Air 'Firsts'; Vertical-Flight Test Pilot and Airship Endurance Captain Are 1955 Winners, New York Times, July 5, 1955
- ^ a b c 3 Aviators to get Harmon Trophies; British Test Pilot, French Woman Flier and American Navy Officer Picked, New York Times, August 5, 1956
- ^ a b Three Fliers Win Harmon Awards; Honored for Aerial Achievements, New York Times, August 11, 1957
- ^ a b LeMay and Navy Blimp Man Get Harmon Air Prize, New York Times, November 13, 1958
- ^ Frenchman Cited as Flier of Year, New York Times, December 12, 1959
- ^ a b 2 Air Force Pilots Win Harmon Prizes, New York Times, July 3, 1960
- ^ John F. Kennedy - Remarks Upon Presenting the Harmon Trophy to Three Test Pilots of the X-15 Rocket Plane, November 28, 1961
- ^ a b c President Gives Harmon Trophies; Three Pilots and Widow of Another Get Awards, New York Times, October 19, 1962
- ^ a b c d e f Astronaut to get a Harmon Trophy; Cooper Will Be Honored for Orbital Trip in 1963, New York Times, August 2, 1964
- ^ Award to Dutch Balloonist Canceled by Harmon Trust, New York Times, September 7, 1964
- ^ a b c 2 Named Winners of Harmon Prizes; Max Conrad and Late Mrs. Smith Hailed for Flights, New York Times, August 8, 1965
- ^ Astronauts Names for Harmon Award, New York Times, August 7, 1966
- ^ a b Harmon Winners for 1967 {presented in 1967 for 1966} are Named, New York Times, September 10, 1967
- ^ Lyndon B. Johnson - Remarks Upon Presenting the Harmon Trophy to Maj. William J. Knight, USAF, December 3, 1968
- ^ a b c d Two R.A.F. Pilots to Share Harmon Aviator's Trophy, New York Times, September 7, 1970
- ^ a b c 5 Top Pilots Cited, New York Times, September 21, 1973
- ^ a b c d Gerald R. Ford - Remarks Upon Presenting the Harmon International Aviation Trophies, May 2, 1975
- ^ a b c The Daily Diary of President Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan Library, December 7, 1982
![[1]](http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/aero/trophy/TROPHYIMAGE/harmon.jpg){kind=link}