History of the term Vlach
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Vlach is a Slavic-derived term from the Germanic word Valah/Valach used to designate the Romance speaking peoples of South-Eastern Europe: Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians.
While historically, it was used to refer to all Latin people of the Balkans, nowadays, this term is only rarely used to refer the Romanians, but rather to refer to the other Romanic peoples, living outside Romania.
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[edit] Origins of the word
The Slavic term in turn derives from Germanic: it originates with *Walha by which the early Germanic tribes called their Celtic neighbours, possibly derived from the name of the tribe which was known to the Romans as Volcae (in the writings of Julius Caesar) and to the Greeks as Ouólkai (Strabo and Ptolemy).
As the Celts of Gaul were Romanized, the word changed its meaning to "Romanic people", as it is still kept in the name of the Walloons of Belgium, and in the German exonyms:
- Welsche, often used in the German speaking part of Switzerland to refer to the people of the French-speaking Romandy,
- Walsche, often used in the German speaking part of Italy to refer to Italians,
- Walsche, used in Switzerland and South Tyrol for various Rhaeto-Romanic peoples, and
- in numerous placenames (but also Walnuss (Walnut)), for instance Walensee and Walenstadt, as well as Welschbern and Walschtirol (now almost always Verona and Trentino), and especially Walachen/Walachei (Wallachians/Wallachia).
In English a similar form is used for (originally Romano-Celtic) Wales and Welsh, and for the ending -wall in Cornwall.
[edit] The word in Slavic languages
This word for Romanic people was borrowed from the Germanic Goths (as *walhs) into Proto-Slavic some time before the 7th century. However, the first source using the word was the writings of Byzantine historian Kedrenos, from the mid-11th century,
Later on, the meaning of this noun in Slavic languages got narrower or just different:
| Language | Form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Bulgarian | влах | Romanian / Vlach |
| Bulgarian | влах | man from Wallachia |
| Bulgarian | влах | cattle breeder, shepherd |
| Czech | Valach | man from Wallachia |
| Czech | Valach | man from Valašsko (in Moravia) |
| Czech | valach | shepherd |
| Czech | valach | gelding (horse) |
| Czech | valach | lazy man |
| Czech | Vlach | Italian |
| Macedonian | влав | cattle breeder, shepherd |
| Polish | Włoch | Italian |
| Polish | Wołoch | Romanian immigrant |
| Polish | wałach | gelding (horse) |
| Old Russian | волохъ | man speaking a Romance language |
| Russian | валах | Romanian / Vlach |
| Serbian | Влах | citizen of the Republic of Dubrovnik |
| Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian | Влах, Vlah | Romanian / Vlach |
| Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian | Влах, Vlah | man from Wallachia |
| Serbian (Užice dialect) | Вла(х), Старовла(х) | medieval nomadic people from Stari Vlah and Mala Vlaška |
| Croatian | Vlah | Istro-Romanian |
| Croatian (Dubrovnik dialect) | Vlah | man from Herzegovina (pejorative) |
| Croatian (western dialects) | Vlah | Italian (pejorative) |
| Serbian and Croatian | влах, vlah | medieval nomadic cattle breeder |
| Croatian (dialects of Istria) | vlah | new settler (pejorative) |
| Croatian (Dalmatian dialects) | vlah | plebeian (pejorative) |
| Croatian (Dalmatian insular dialects) | vlah | man from the mainland (pejorative) |
| Croatian (western and northern dialects) | vlah | Orthodox Christian, usually Serb (pejorative) |
| Croatian (Podravina dialects) | vlah | Catholic who is a neoshtokavian speaker (pejorative) |
| Bosnian | vlah, влах | non-Muslim living in Bosnia, usually Serb (pejorative) |
| Bosnian | vlah | Catholic (pejorative) |
| Slovak | Valach | man from Wallachia |
| Slovak | Valach | man from Valašsko (in Moravia) |
| Slovak | valach | shepherd |
| Slovak | valach | gelding (horse) |
| Slovak | Vlach | Italian |
| Slovene | Lah | Italian (pejorative) |
| Western Slovenian dialects | Lah | Friulian |
| Slovene | Vlah | Serbian immigrant (pejorative) |
| Ukrainian | волох | Romanian / Vlach |
[edit] The word in other languages
From the Slavs, it was passed on to other peoples, such as the Hungarians ("Oláh", referring to Romanians; "Olasz", referring to Italians, "Vlachok" referring to Vlachs, generally) and Byzantines/Greeks ("Βλάχοι", "Vláhi") and was used for all Latin people of the Balkans. It also acquired a secondary meaning, "shepherd" – from the occupation of many of the Vlachs of Greece and Serbia. In Albania, the opposite occurred: çoban "shepherd" came to mean "Vlach". In German the word "vlach" was a pejorative name for an Orthodox Christian, a Serbian immigrant.
A name used for the Southern Vlachs of Greece is "Kutsovlach" (literally "limping Vlach"; possibly a reference to the way they spoke Greek), however the Aromanians consider it quite offensive. Another name used to refer to the Aromanians (mainly in the Slavic countries: Serbia and Bulgaria) is "tsintsar", which is derived from the way the Aromanians say the word 'five': "tsintsi".
Another Balkanic ethnicity is the Morlachs or Mavrovalachi (Greek for "black Vlachs"), living in the Dinaric Alps.
[edit] Usage as autonym
The term was originally an exonym, as the Vlachs used various words derived from romanus to refer to themselves (români, rumâni, rumâri, aromâni, arumâni, armâni etc), but there are some exceptions:
- the Aromanians of Greece, often use "Βλάχοι" (Vlachoi) rather than "Αρμάνοι" (Armanoi) in Greek-language contexts.
- the Megleno-Romanians are the only people who use exclusively the word Vlach (Vlashi) for auto-designation. The loss of the name derived from Romanus most likely concluded in the early 19th century.
- the Romanian minority of Serbia living in Timok Valley (but not those of the Banat, see Romanians of Serbia), although speaking the standard Romanian dialect, are still referred as "Vlachs". In the Yugoslavian census figures, the Aromanians of Macedonia and the Romanians of Serbia were both classified as "Vlachs".
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Orbis Latinus: Wallachians, Walloons, Welschen
- Victor A. Friedman, The Vlah minority in Macedonia
- Steriu T. Hagigogu, "Romanus şi valachus sau Ce este romanus, roman, român, aromân, valah şi vlah", Bucharest, 1939
