Israeli-Palestinian history denial
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This article deals with the actual or alleged denial of historical facts by either Israelis or Palestinians.
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[edit] Israeli denial of Palestinian history
Israeli textbooks do not deny the existence of a Palestinian Arab population in the land of Israel before the existence of the modern State of Israel; they do not deny that many Arabs have lived in the area for thousands of years. Israeli historians disagree on whether or not the Arabs who lived in this land during previous centuries constitute a nation. Most Israelis, however, do agree that whatever may have been the case in the past, the existence of a Palestinian feeling of national identity over the last 50 years is not in dispute.[citation needed]
[edit] Nakba denial
A number of writers have complained that the current government of Israel, led by Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, has attempted to remove references to the "Nakba" - the fleeing of most of the Arab population of what would become Israel in the 1948 war, often argued to be a result of Israeli expulsion. They also claim that Israeli textbooks of the 60's systematically ignored this event, and that only after the eighties did awareness of it begin to increase among the Israeli populace.
- "The first reaction has been from the Israeli political establishment, with the Sharon government, through its minister of education, beginning the systematic removal of any textbook or school syllabus that refers to the Nakba, even marginally. Similar instructions have been given to the public broadcasting authorities. The second reaction has been even more disturbing and has encompassed wider sections of the public. Although a very considerable number of Israeli politicians, journalists and academics have ceased to deny what happened in 1948, they have nonetheless also been willing to justify it publicly, not only in retrospect but also as a prescription for the future. The idea of "transfer" has entered Israeli political discourse openly for the first time, gaining legitimacy as the best means of dealing with the Palestinian "problem"." - Ilan Pappe, Al Ahram, May 17, 2002[1]
[edit] The existence of Palestinians as a people
In 1969 Golda Meir, referring to the situation at the time of her aliyah in 1921, asserted, "There was no such thing as a Palestinian people... It is not as if we came and threw them out and took their country. They didn't exist."[1] Meir also once claimed that Arabs never referred to the region as "Palestine": "The British chose to call the land they mandated Palestine, and the Arabs picked it up as their nation's supposed ancient name, though they couldn't even pronounce it correctly and turned it into Falastin, a fictional entity."[2]
A small proportion of Israeli Jews advocate "transfer", the population transfer of Palestinians from the territories, by claiming that Palestinian Arabs are actually Jordanians.[citation needed]
Most of the founding Jewish citizens of what would become the State of Israel believed that there was no indigenous Palestinian people, in the sense of a cohesive nation or a cohesive ethnic group with national characteristics. They recognized the existence of many Arab groups within the land; based on their perception of different political, social and religious traditions, and the lack of a national Palestinian Arab government, they viewed the land as essentially being without any national population. Over time, such ideas became entrenched in the schoolbooks of Israel. However, in recent years there has been a reappraisal by Jewish Israelis of this situation. Many scholars, sometimes referred to as post-Zionist, believe that the Arab groups in Israel were more cohesive, and had more national characteristics, than previous Israelis were willing to admit. Discussion about this issue is at a high level in many Israeli high schools and universities; many Israeli textbooks have been rewritten to provide a more nuanced picture of the indigenous Arab population of the land.[citation needed]
[edit] Palestinian denial of Jewish history
[edit] Claims that Jews never inhabited Biblical sites
Increasingly, the denial that Jews inhabited israel in ancient times and the denial that ancient Jewish holy sites - such as the Temple Mount and the Cave of Machpelah are ancient Jewish sites, are referred to by the collective term Temple Denial, the term used by Ambassador Dore Gold in his book, The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City.
Palestinian officials have often stated that sites of particular significance to the Palestinians (e.g. the Old City of Jerusalem) were never inhabited by Jews, or that sites of particular religious significance to both sides (e.g. the Temple Mount/Noble Sanctuary) in fact were somewhere else. Such statements can be interpreted as politically motivated attempts to resolve the debate over land in one side's favor by denying the historic existence of the other side. This shares some elements with, but is not to be confused with, Kamal Salibi's wider fringe theory that pre-exilic Jews in fact lived in Arabia.
In a December 25, 1996 interview with the IMRA news agency, Walid M. Awad, Director of Foreign Publications for the PLO's Palestine Ministry of Information asserted:
Jerusalem is not a Jewish city, despite the biblical myth implanted in some minds...There is no tangible evidence of Jewish existence from the so-called 'Temple Mount Era'...The location of the Temple Mount is in question...it might be in Jericho or somewhere else.[3][4]
On December 10, 1997, the Palestine Ministry of Information claimed that a century's worth of archaeological excavations in the Old City of "Jerusalem" had found "Umayyad Islamic palaces, Roman ruins, Armenian ruins and others, but nothing Jewish." The Ministry then claimed that "there is no tangible evidence of any Jewish traces / remains in the old city of Jerusalem and its immediate vicinity."[5][6][7]
At the Camp David 2000 Summit several Palestinian negotiators denied the existence of King Solomon's Temple. Yasser Arafat reportedly told Bill Clinton that the temple had been located in Nablus rather than in Jerusalem.[2] On August 12, 2000 Palestinian Authority newspaper Al-Hayat Al-Jadida reported Arafat as telling Clinton "I will not allow it to be written of me that I confirmed the existence of the so-called temple underneath the mountain [the Temple Mount]."[8]
On September 25 2000 Le Monde quoted Yasser Abed Rabbo, P.A. Minister of Cabinet Affairs, as denying that the Temple ever existed:
The Israelis say that beneath the noble sanctuary (the Esplanade of the Mosques) lies their temple. … Looking at the situation from an archaeological standpoint, I am sure there is no temple. They have dug tunnel after tunnel with no result.
Statements such as these are broadcast on official Palestinian media as well. For example, on an August 2, 2004 broadcast on P.A. Television, Dr. Jarir Al-Qidwah, head of the PA Public Library and Yasser Arafat's advisor on Education stated:
Solomon’s Temple, I believe, was built by the Canaanites who were the neighbors of the Israelis, the Israelites... I want to state several words clearly: the Bible became an archival document, not representing what the Israelis and the first Jews were, but what they thought they were, what they imagined. The Temple is the fruit of their imagination. In any case, when our nation or our Canaanite forefathers came to Palestine, they built the Temple… a temple in Jerusalem... The issue of the temple is a Zionist innovation. No one said that the temple that was built in Jerusalem, neither the Canaanite nor Roman, no one said that it was in the place of the [Islamic] Al Haram.
On that same broadcast Dr. Issam Sissalem, Senior Historian and Educational TV host, former head of the History Department of PA University stated:
They claimed that Solomon, may he rest in peace, built the Temple. Does the land testify to this? Solomon was a prophet and we see him as a Muslim and part of our [Islamic] heritage… There is no historical text that proves the existence [of the temple] or that it has a real history other than the Bible, and the Bible as we have previously mentioned… was written based on ancient legends."[9][10]
Palestinian Authority school books have been criticized for echoing this theme. When textbooks used in the 1990s discussed sites of religious interest, Muslim as well as Christian sites were included but not Jewish sites. Even the Jews' connection to the remnant of their holiest site, the Western Wall of the Temple, was denied:
"The Jews claim that this is one of the places belonging to them and call it "The Western Wall", but this is not so." (From Reader and Literary Texts for Eighth Grade #578 p. 103.)
Some Palestinian textbooks did not mention that Jews had anything to do with the Temple in Jerusalem:
Jerusalem: I have many Islamic holy places and antiquities. This is al-Aqsa Mosque and this is the Dome of the Rock...To the west of the holy mosque you can see a vast stone wall called 'al-Buraq Wall', [Western Wall of the Temple] to which the angel Gabriel, peace be upon him, tied the beast of the Prophet Muhammad on the night of his journey [to heaven]... As for my Christian holy places - the most famous of them are 'The Church of al-Qiama' (Church of the Holy Sepulchre), next to the mosque of 'Umar ibn al Khatab, and the church of 'al-Juthmana' opposite al-Isbat Gate, outside the wall. (From Palestinian National Education for Third Grade #529 P. 14.)
Since 1994 the Palestinian Authority has progressively been replacing the old Jordanian and Egyptian textbooks as new PA-produced textbooks become available. In 2002 the United States Congress requested the U.S. Department of State to commission a reputable NGO to conduct a review of the new Palestinian curriculum. The Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) was thereby commissioned by the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv and the US Consul General in Jerusalem to review the Palestinian Authority's textbooks. Its original report was completed in March 2003 and delivered to the State Department for submission to Congress, and follow up report was produced in June, 2004.[3] Regarding the new curriculum, the Executive Summary notes:
There are no direct instances that reflect a denial of Jewish connection to the Holy Land and the holy places in it. However, the terms and passages used to describe some historical events are sometimes offensive in nature and could be construed as reflecting hatred of and discrimination against Jews and Judaism. Moreover, when Judaism (and Christianity are mentioned), the references reflect the holy and religious nature of the ancient Jewish traditions and not of their modern-day representation as the religion of Israel as well as Christianity as the religion of some Israeli and some Palestinian citizens.
[edit] Claims that Jews have no connection to the land of Israel
In addition to claiming that Jews never inhabited specific Biblical sites, Palestinians have claimed that Jews have no connection at all with the land of Israel. This claim was enshrined in the Palestinian Charter in 1964. Article 18 states:
The claims of historic and spiritual ties, ties between Jews and Palestine are not in agreement with the facts of history or with the true basis of sound statehood.
Claims that Jews lack genetic links to tha ancient Israelites or Hebrews, links that some Palestinian activists assert that Palestinians do possess, are widespread enough to have received formal, academic attention. An article that explains why such claims are invalid can be found at [4]
Claims that modern Jews are Khazars, and not ancient Israelites are also common. On an August 2, 2004 broadcast on PA TV, Dr. Issam Sissalem, Senior Historian and Educational TV host, and former head of the History Department of PA University stated:
I want to point out that we should not focus much on what is called the [Biblical] Hebrew tribes, who are in fact Bedouin – Arab tribes. There is no connection between them and these Khazar Jews [of Israel today]. Those [Hebrew - Arab] tribes were erased and ceased to exist and no traces were left of them……About the Jews of Khazar... they had a state [in the Kavkaz (Caucasia)] and it was destroyed by the Vladimir Family and the Mongolian attack, that invaded them in the 13th century. They dispersed in seclusion in ghettos, in what is called Russia, Ukraine, and Poland, and came to us [to Israel] in the 19th century, with false Zionist claims based on legends.
In the same broadcast, Dr. Jarir Al-Qidwah, head of the PA Public Library and Arafat's advisor on Education made similar claims:
These Jews, [after being conquered by Rome] were dispersed ... among many nations. The last, after many hundreds of years, the Khazar Jews, [are the ones] who live in Palestine [ie, Israel] today. When these people started to write the Bible they found that it was written in a [foreign] language... when they reached Palestine they had no knowledge or culture.[9][10]
The Executive Summary of the June, 2004 Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) report on the Palestinian curriculum (mentioned above) notes on this topic:[5]
The new textbooks still reflect an inadequate and imbalanced representation of the Jewish historical connection to the Greater Middle East. The Jewish connection to the region, in general, and the Holy Land, in particular, is virtually missing. This lack of reference is perceived as tantamount to a denial of such a connection, although no direct evidence is found for such a denial.
It also points out that passages in various textbooks
reflect a continuous Arab presence in the region (some references date that presence back to the ancient Canaanites and Jebusites) even though this claim has considerable contention amongst historians contesting this as historical fact. Other racial, ethnic and religious groups that inhabited and/or had control over the region are not dealt with explicitly in many of the textbooks; especially noted is the lack of reference to Jewish presence.
Professor Nadia Abu El Haj of Barnard College claims that the origins of the Jewish people in the land of Israel is a mere “belief,” an “ideological assertion,” a “pure (italics in original) political fabrication.”[6]
Professor George Saliba of Columbia University asserts “my own great ancestors, the Canaanites, were the original inhabitants of the land before it was promised away to the Patriarch Abraham, and they had more legal claim to that same land than any descendant from Abraham.”[11] He allegedly told a Jewish girl, “See, you have green eyes. You’re not a Semite. I'm a Semite. I have brown eyes. You have no claim to the land of Israel.”[12]
Professor Joseph Massad of Columbia University has asserted, “The claim made by Zionists…that late nineteenth-century European Jews are direct descendents of ancient Palestinian Hebrews is what is preposterous here…. That they somehow descend from first-century Hebrews, despite the fact that they look like other Europeans, that they speak European languages is what is absurd.”[13]
[edit] The existence of Jews as a people
Palestinians have often claimed that Jews are not a people, but simply adherents of a religious faith who are citizens of the countries in which they live. These claims were enshrined in the Palestinian Charter in 1964. Article 18 states:
Judaism because it is a divine religion is not a nationality with independent existence. Furthermore the Jews are not one people with an independent personality because they are citizens of the countries to which they belong.
Similarly, in an August 2, 2004 broadcast on PA TV, Dr. Jarir Al-Qidwah, head of the PA Public Library and Arafat's advisor on Education claimed "The Jews are a religion and not a race."[9][10]
The Executive Summary of the June, 2004 Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information (IPCRI) report on the Palestinian curriculum (mentioned above) notes on this topic:[7]
Generally speaking, when “Jews” are mentioned, references to them are mostly made in the context of talking about “the People of the Book,” and not to “a Jewish nation.”
[edit] Holocaust denial
A number of Palestinian groups and senior Palestinian officials have engaged in various aspects of Holocaust denial. In 1982 Mahmoud Abbas, later to become President of the Palestinian Authority wrote his doctoral thesis which later became a book, The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism. In the book, Abbas raised doubts that gas chambers were used for extermination of Jews, and suggested that the number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust was "less than a million", claiming secret ties between the Nazis and the Zionist movement. He also claimed that the Holocaust was a joint Zionist-Nazi plot, writing "The Zionist movement led a broad campaign of incitement against the Jews living under Nazi rule, in order to arouse the government's hatred of them, to fuel vengeance against them, and to expand the mass extermination."[citation needed]
Other Palestinians have also stated that Jews concocted stories about persecution in the Holocaust, or inflated the numbers of dead.[14] On a P.A. cultural affairs television program in 1997 Hassan al-Agha, a professor at the Islamic University in Gaza City, claimed:
The Jews view it [the Holocaust] as a profitable activity so they inflate the number of victims all the time. In another ten years, I do not know what number they will reach....[15][16]
In 1998 Seif Ali Al-Jarwan, writing in the Palestinian newspaper Al Hayat Al-Jadeeda stated:
They concocted horrible stories of gas chambers which Hitler, they claimed, used to burn them alive. The press overflowed with pictures of Jews being gunned down ... or being pushed into gas chambers.... The truth is that such persecution was a malicious fabrication by the Jews.[17][18]
In March, 2000, Sheikh Ikrima Sabri, the Mufti of Jerusalem told The New York Times
We believe the number of six million is exaggerated. The Jews are using this issue, in many ways, also to blackmail the Germans financially.... The Holocaust is protecting Israel.
On a November 29, 2000 P.A. television broadcast Dr. Issam Sissalem, a history lecturer at the Islamic University Gaza stated
Lies surfaced about Jews being murdered here and there, and the Holocaust. And, of course, they are all lies and unfounded claims. No Chelmno, no Dachau, no Auschwitz! [They] were disinfection sites... They began to publicize in their propaganda that they were persecuted, murdered and exterminated... Committees acted here and there to establish this entity [Israel-Ed.], this foreign entity, implanted as a cancer in our country, where our fathers lived, where we live, and where our children after us will live. They always portrayed themselves as victims, and they made a Center for Heroism and Holocaust. Whose heroism? Whose Holocaust? Heroism is our nation's, the holocaust was against our people... We were the victims, but we shall not remain victims forever...[citation needed]
On April 13, 2001 Hiri Manzour, writing in the official P.A. daily Al-Hayat Al-Jadida claimed:
A recently published book by an American researcher, discusses the holocaust. Employing scientific and chemical evidence, it proves that the figure of six million Jews cremated in the Nazi Auschwitz camps is a lie for propaganda, as the most spacious of the vaults in the camp could not have held even one percent of that number.[citation needed]
A sermon broadcast on P.A. television on September 21, 2001 insisted
One of the Jews' evil deeds is what has come to be called 'the Holocaust,' that is, the slaughter of the Jews by Nazism. However, revisionist [historians] have proven that this crime, carried out against some of the Jews, was planned by the Jews' leaders, and was part of their policy...These are the Jews against whom we fight, oh beloved of Allah.[8]
Hamas has been equally explicit in its Holocaust Denial. In reaction to the Stockholm conference on the Jewish Holocaust, held in late January 2000, Hamas issued a press release which it published on its official website, containing the following statements from a senior leader:
This conference bears a clear Zionist goal, aimed at forging history by hiding the truth about the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis. . . . The invention of these grand illusions of an alleged crime that never occurred, ignoring the millions of dead European victims of Nazism during the war, clearly reveals the racist Zionist face, which believes in the superiority of the Jewish race over the rest of the nations.
Not only does this attempt to focus on an alleged story ignore the suffering of our people and disregard the massacres committed by the Zionists against them, such as Dir Yasin, Kafr Qasem, Tanturah, Jerusalem, Hebron and Sabra and Shatila?not to mention the massacres committed by the enemy against the people of our nation, such as in Bahr al-Baqr and Qana, the killing of thousands of Egyptian captives, and so on?but the story itself has no proof. . . . The Zionist entity is using psychological and ideological terrorism through the Stockholm conference and the alleged Nazi Holocaust. . . .
We call the free scholars of the world and its vital forces to expose the crimes of global Zionism against our people, our nation, and against all human civilization, and to refute them and not to fear the hostility of the Jews and their ideological terrorism or their influence through which they shut mouths and prevent objective, unbiased scholars from revealing the Zionist claims as lies. By these methods, the Jews in the world flout scientific methods of research whenever that research contradicts their racist interests.[19]
In August, 2003, senior Hamas official Dr Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al-Risala
It is no longer a secret that the Zionists were behind the Nazis’ murder of many Jews, and agreed to it, with the aim of intimidating them and forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.[20]
[edit] External links
- Israel's Biblical History is Actually Arab Muslim History
- The myth of "Palestinian" Nationalism and the reality of Arabic-Islamic Nationalism (EretzYisroel.org)
- Myths & Facts Online A Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Jewish Virtual Library)
- Bradley Burston: Wishing the Palestinians out of existence (Ha'aretz, 4 December 2006)
- Akiva Eldar: Education Minister: Put the Green Line back in textbooks (Ha'aretz, 5 December 2006)
- Shmuel Sackett: "Palestinians" Don't Exist ... but neither do "Israelis" (IsraelInsider, 15 May 2005)
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Statement to The Sunday Times, 15 June, 1969. (can we get an article author, and article name or page?
- ^ Honig, Sarah. Jerusalem Post, 25 November 1995. (can we get an article name or page?)
- ^ "Arafat's Culture of Hatred and Violence"PDF (1.61 MiB), Zionist Organization of America, p. 26.
- ^ Raab, David. "The Beleaguered Christians Of The Palestinian-Controlled Areas", Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Jerusalem Viewpoints #490, 1-15 January 2003.
- ^ Gold, Dore. "The Situation in the Middle East: Elimination of Racism and Racial Discrimination", UNISPAL document A/52/762, 9 January 1998.
- ^ Klein, Morton. "Another Outrageous Claim By Arafat: Ancient Jewish Temple Was In Nablus, Not Jerusalem", Zionist Organization of America, May 21, 2002.
- ^ Ben-David, Lenny. "Denial of Religious Rights by the Palestinian Authority", Honest Reporting, 11 November 2002.
- ^ "East Jerusalem and the Holy Places at the Camp David Summit", Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch Series - No. 121, August 28, 2000.
- ^ a b c Marcus, Itamar. "PA Historians: Israel's Biblical History is Actually Arab Muslim History", Palestinian Media Watch, August 8, 2004.
- ^ a b c "PA Historians: Israel´s Biblical History is Actually Arab Muslim History", Arutz Sheva, August 23, 2004.
- ^ Saliba, George, “Rebutting a "Misguided Political Project,"” Columbia Spectator, Nov. 3, 2004
- ^ Kordova, Shoshanna, “Mideast crisis in Manhattan,” Haaretz, Feb. 7, 2005.
- ^ Quote by Joseph Massad from “History on the Line, ‘No Common Ground’: Joseph Massad and Benny Morris Discuss the Middle East.” History Workshop Journal, Issue 53, 2002, p.214-15.
- ^ http://www.ajc.org/InTheMedia/Publications.asp?did=503&pid=1203 (link dead?)
- ^ "Holocaust Denial in the Middle East: The Latest anti-Israel, Anti-Semitic Propaganda Theme", Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved Dec 8, 2006.
- ^ "Holocaust Denial in the Middle East: The Latest Anti-Israel Propaganda Theme"PDF (801 KiB), Anti-Defamation League, 2001, p. 12.
- ^ "Anti-Semitism in the Palestinian Media", Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch Series - No. 1, July 15, 1998.
- ^ Wicken, Stephen. "Views of the Holocaust in Arab Media and Public Discourse"PDF (238 KiB), Yale Journal of International Affairs, Winter-Spring 2006, p. 104.
- ^ http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=108 (page moved?)
- ^ http://www.ajn.com.au/pages/archives/feature/feature-03a.html (dead link?)
