Muhammad di Madinah

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Sebelum lahir di Mekkah di Madinah setelah Pembebasan Mekkah Suksesi sebagai Diplomat sebagai Panglima Perang sebagai suami Pandangan Islam Pandangan Orientalis lihat • diskusi • sunting

Periode Muhammad di Madinah dimulai sejak Hijrah ke Madinah pada tahun 622 dan berakhir dengan Pembebasan kota Mekkah pada tahun 630.

Daftar isi 1 Sejarah 1.1 622 1.1.1 September 9 — Hijrah ke Madinah 1.1.2 Tiba di Madinah 1.1.3 Piagam Madinah 1.2 623 1.3 624 1.3.1 17 Maret— Perang Badar 1.3.2 Bani Qainuqa 1.4 625 1.4.1 23 Maret — Perang Uhud 1.4.2 Pengusiran Bani Nadir ke Khaibar 1.5 626 1.6 627 1.6.1 Perang Khandaq 1.6.2 Bani Qurayzah 1.6.3 Banu Kalb 1.7 628 1.7.1 Zainab binti Jahshi 1.7.2 Perjanjian Hudaybiyah 1.7.3 Surat Muhammad ke Kepala Negara 1.7.4 Perang Khaybar 1.8 629 1.8.1 Dhu al-Qi'dah — The first pilgrimage 1.8.2 Perang Mu'tah 1.9 630 1.9.1 Pembebasan Mekkah 2 Peristiwa berikut 3 Lihat juga 4 References

[sunting] Sejarah

Peristiwa ini dimulai dengan peristiwa sebelumnya yaitu Muhammad di Mekkah.

[sunting] 622

[sunting] September 9 — Hijrah ke Madinah

Hijrah yang dilakukan oleh kaum Muslim dari Mekkah ke Madinah. Muhammad tiba di Madinah pada hari Senin, tanggal 27 September.

[sunting] Tiba di Madinah

[sunting] Piagam Madinah

Selama tahun pertama hijrah, Muhammad membuat Piagam Madinah, sebuah perjanjian tentang hak dan tanggung jawab kaum Muslim, Yahudi, dan komunitas suku Arab lainnya di Madinah selama perang antara kota dan tetangganya.

[sunting] 623

[sunting] 624

[sunting] 17 Maret— Perang Badar

Perang Badar merupakan pertempuran yang menentukan dalam sejarah Islam awal dan dimulainya perlawanan Muhammad dengan jalan perang terhadap Quraisy Mekkah.

[sunting] Bani Qainuqa

Bani Qainuqa merupaka suku Yahudi yang hidup sebelum Islam di Madinah. Mereka termasuk suku Yahudi pertama yang berdiam di sana, dan merupakan suku Yahudi yang terkuat di Jazirah Arab sebelum Islam.

The Banu Qaynuqa were a Jewish tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. They were among the first Jews that settled at Medina, and the most powerful of all the Jewish tribes of the peninsula before Islam. They formed a gild of goldsmiths. They had also a marketplace, known under the name "Market of the Banu Qaynuqa," which was the general marketplace of the city before Muhammad laid out the great marketplace. Besides this they possessed two strong castles in the north of Medina. After Muhammad had come to Medina, he endeavored to win all the Jews over to Islam. Failing in his efforts, he assumed a more threatening attitude and first declared war on the Banu Qaynuqa. They retired to their fortresses, but after a siege which lasted fifteen days, they surrendered. Mohammed put them in chains, and wished to have all the men executed. He was, however, persuaded to spare them on condition that they quitted the town, leaving their goods and chattels in the hands of the conquerors. Subsequently they settled in Adra'at and Qadi al-Qura in the north.

[sunting] 625

[sunting] 23 Maret — Perang Uhud

The Battle of Uhud was fought between a small Muslim force and a force from Mecca. Uhud is near Medina. The Muslims had the worst of the encounter and retired after having lost some seventy-five men. However, the Meccans did not pursue the Muslims into Medina, but marched back to Mecca.

The encounter is generally regarded as a victory for the Meccans and a serious setback for the Muslims. Watt, in his 1956 account of the battle, disagrees; he concludes that while the Muslims did not win, the Meccans themselves had suffered some losses and did not feel strong enough to attack the Muslims in their stronghold. Since the Meccans had embarked on the venture with an eye to subduing the Muslims entirely, their mission had actually failed ^[1].

[sunting] Pengusiran Bani Nadir ke Khaibar

Bani Nadir merupakan salah satu dari tiga suku utama Yahudi yang berdiam di Madinah. Setelah Perang Uhud, Muhammad mengusir Bani Nadir dari kota pada tahun 625 dan mengambil alih tanah mereka. Bani Nadir pindah ke Khaibar yang mana kemudian terjadi konflik lagi pada taun 628.

[sunting] 626

Penyerangan ke Dumat al-Jandal: Syria

[sunting] 627

[sunting] Perang Khandaq

Perang Khandaq adalah penyerangan dari suku Quraisy Mekkah dibantu oleh sekutu-sekutunya ke Madinah pada tahun 627, oleh karena itu perang ini disebut juga Perang Ahzab (sekutu). Khandaq berarti parit, dimana kaum Muslim di Madinah menggali parit melindungi kota Madinah sehingga pihak sekutu tidak dapat menyerang ke dalam kota, walaupun Quraisy Mekkah diperkuat oleh hampir 10.000 orang.

[sunting] Bani Qurayzah

Bani Qurayzah merupakan suku Yahudi yang tinggal di Madinah pada saat Perang Khandaq terjadi. Pada saat itu mereka membantu pihak penyerang dari suku Quraisy, sehingga begitu pihak Quraisy mundur, maka pihak Muslim-pun menyerang ke benteng Bani Qurayzah.

[sunting] Banu Kalb

Banu Kalb subjugation: Dumat al-Jandal

[sunting] 628

[sunting] Zainab binti Jahshi

Tahun 628, Muhammad menikahi Zainab binti Jahshi.

[sunting] Perjanjian Hudaybiyah

Perjanjian Hudaybiyah ditandatangani pada tahun 628. Pada waktu itu sebanyak 1.600 orang Muslim berangkat ke Mekkah untuk melakukan ibadah Haji dipimpin oleh Nabi Muhammad.

"Then he [Muhammad] marched till he reached al-Hudaybiyya which lies at the limit of the Haram [sacred territory of Mecca] area at a distance of nine miles from Mecca." ^[2]

The group was prepared with sacrificial animals, as they hoped that the Quraish would honour the Arabian custom of allowing unarmed pilgrims to enter the city. The Quraish, however, intercepted the Muslim party, well outside Mecca. By this time all of Arabia was aware of the military strength of the Muslims. Muhammad, the leader of the Muslims, was also desperate to avoid bloodshed in or near the holiest city of Islam. Therefore the two parties decided to resolve the matter through diplomacy, rather than warfare.

"Today whatever condition Quraysh make in which they ask me to show kindness to kindred I shall agree to". ^[3]

[sunting] Surat Muhammad ke Kepala Negara

After the agreement-of-Hudaybiyya Muhammad decided to send letters to many rulers of the world, inviting them to Islam ^{[4] [5][6]} Hence he send messengers (with letters) to Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire (The eastern Roman Empire), Chosroes of Persia, the chief of Yeman and to some others. ^{[4] [5]}

[sunting] Perang Khaybar

The Battle of Khaybar between Muhammad and the Jews of Khaybar (an oasis near Medina) resulted in the defeated of the later. The Banu Nadir had moved here three years earlier, and this time most of their male members where killed. Their wives and property became spoils of war for the Muslims. Muhammad took a share of the spoils, and took Safiyya bint Huyayy, the widow of the tribe's slain treasurer as his wife.

[sunting] 629

[sunting] Dhu al-Qi'dah — The first pilgrimage

First hajj pilgrimage in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah, in accordance to the treaty of the previous year ^[7].

[sunting] Perang Mu'tah

The Battle of Mu'tah was fought in 629 near the village of Mu'tah, now a town in Jordan, located to the east of the Jordan River, between a Muslim force dispatched by Muhammad and the Byzantine army. In Muslim sources, the battle is usually portrayed as a heroic feat wherein the Muslims held against a vastly superior Byzantine force. Academic scholars view the battle as an unsuccessful expedition by Muhammad aimed at conquering the Arabs living to the east of Jordan.^[8]

[sunting] 630

[sunting] Pembebasan Mekkah

Mecca was conquered by the Muslims in the year 630 A.D. In 628 the Meccan tribe of Quraish and the Muslim community in Medina signed a truce called the Treaty of Hudaybiyya. Despite improved relations between Mecca and Medina after the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyya, a 10 year peace was to be broken by Quraish who, with their allies, the tribe of Bakr, attacked the tribe of Khuza'ah who were allies of the Muslims and it was possibly not known to the Pagan tribes at the time. However, the treaty was deemed broken. Abu Sufyan, the leader of the Quraish in Mecca, was aware that the balances were now tilted in Muhammad's favour, went to Medina to restore the treaty but Muhammad refused to accommodate him and Abu Sufyan returned to Mecca empty handed. An approximately 10,000 strong Muslim army marched towards Mecca which soon surrendered peacefully. Muhammad acted generously to the Meccans, demanding only that the pagan idols around the Kaaba be destroyed. Abu Sufyan converted to Islam and Muhammad announced

"Who enters the house of Abu Sufyan will be safe, who lays down arms will be safe, who locks his door will be safe".

[sunting] Peristiwa berikut

This event ended with the events of Muhammad's life after taking control over Mecca.

[sunting] Lihat juga

• Sejarah Islam
• Timeline of Islamic history

[sunting] References

1. ^ (pp. 27-29)
2. ^ Kitab Al-Tabaqat Al-Kabir
3. ^ Sirat Rasul Allah
4. ^ ^{4,0 4,1} Lings, Martin (1994). Muhammad: His Life based on the earliest sources. Suhail Academy Lahore, 260.
5. ^ ^{5,0 5,1} Khan, Dr. Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi, 110002 (India), 250-251. ISBN 81-85738-25-4.
6. ^ Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (1993). The Life of Muhammad (Translated from the 8th Edition By Ism'il Ragi A. Al Faruqi). Islami Book Trust, Kula Lumpur, 360.
7. ^ [1]
8. ^ Templat:Cite encyclopedia

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