Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
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Jorge Eliécer Gaitán (January 23, 1903 – April 9, 1948) was a politician, a leader of a populist movement in Colombia, a former Education Minister (1940) and Labor Minister (1943-1944), mayor of Bogotá (1936) and chief of the Colombian Liberal Party (1947-1948).
He was assassinated during his second presidential campaign in 1948, setting off the Bogotazo and leading to a violent period of political unrest in Colombian history known as La Violencia (approx. 1948 to 1958).
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[edit] Early life and education
Gaitán's family was from a poor background and their son entered formal education when he was eleven years old. He later had to face social tensions in the Colegio Simón Araújo school, considered as an institution for wealthier members of the Colombian Liberal Party. Gaitán ended his primary studies at the Colegio Martín Restrepo Mejía in 1920.
He attained a degree in law (1924) and later became a professor in the National University of Colombia. In 1926 he completed a doctorate in jurisprudence in Italy at the Royal University of Rome.
[edit] Political career
[edit] Early Political Career
Gaitán was active in local politics as early as 1919, when he was part of a protest movement against president Marco Fidel Suárez.
From there he became a popular figure within the Liberal Party, in particular directing a movement that represented leftwing tendencies inside the party.
Gaitán increased his nationwide popularity following a banana workers' strike in Magdalena in 1928, in which strikers were fired upon by the army, allegedly on the orders of the United Fruit Company, resulting in numerous deaths. Gaitán used his skills as a lawyer and as an emerging politician in order to defend workers rights and called for accountability to those who may have involved in the Santa Marta Massacre.
In 1933 he created the "Unión Izquierdista Revolucionaria" ("Leftist Revolutionary Union"), or UNIR, as his own dissident political movement after breaking with the Liberal Party.
[edit] Political Discourse
It is said that Gaitán's main political asset was his profound and vibrant oratory, often classified as populist by contemporaries and by latter analysts, which attracted hundreds of thousands of union members and low income Colombians at the time.
In particular, in his speeches he repeatedly divided the country into the oligarchy and the people, calling the former corrupt and the latter admirable and worthy of deserving a future moral restoration of Colombia. He stirred the audience's emotions by aggressively denouncing social, moral and economical evils stemming both from the Liberal and Conservative political parties, promising his supporters that a better future was possible if they all worked together against such evils.
In 1946, Gaitán referred to the difference between what he called the "political country" and the "national country". Accordingly, the "political country" was controlled by the interests of the oligarchy and its internal struggles, therefore it did not properly respond to the real demands of the "national country"; that is, the country made up of citizens in need of better socioeconomic conditions and greater sociopolitical freedom.
He was criticized by the more orthodox sectors of the Colombian Liberal Party (who considered him too unruly), most of the Colombian Conservative Party, the leadership of the Colombian Communist Party (who saw him as a competitor for the political affections of the masses) and by U.S. officials and its intelligence agencies (who, in the context of the Cold War, considered him dangerous, as reported in official documents).
Gaitán's view of the 'people' has been considered as profoundly ambivalent by some latter analysts. It is argued that, whilst he claimed to champion their cause, he did not see them as a social or political force capable of government. There are instances in which he referred to the masses in explicitly medical term (as 'syphilitics' and 'alcoholics'), while in others he praised their virtues. This ambivalence, according to some analysts, could partly explain the extreme acts of savagery perpetrated by the peasantry during La Violencia.
The subject of promising future land reform was also prominent in some of his speeches.
[edit] Late Political Career
After formally rejoining the Liberal Party in 1935, he was selected as mayor of Bogotá in June 1936, a position he held for eight months. His administration, where he tried to implement a number of programs in areas such as education, health, urban development and housing, was cut short by political pressure groups and conflicts due to some of his policies (for example, an attempt to provide uniforms to taxi and bus service drivers). In September 1937 his daughter Gloria Gaitán was born.
Gaitán was named Minister of Education in 1940 under the administration of the Liberal Party's Eduardo Santos (1938-1942), where he promoted an extensive literacy campaign as well as cultural activities.
At the conclusion of the Liberal Party's national convention in 1945 he was proclaimed as "the people's candidate" in a public square, something unusual according to political customs at the time.
The Liberal Party was defeated in the May 1946 elections at the hands of the Conservative's Mariano Ospina Perez (565,939 votes, president from 1946 to 1950) due to its own internal divisions, evidenced by its presenting two different candidates, Gaitán (358,957 votes) and Gabriel Turbay (441,199 votes), to that year's electoral race.
Gaitán managed to become chief of the Colombian Liberal Party in 1947, when his supporters gained the upper hand in the elections for seats in Congress. This would have allowed for the Liberal Party to present a single candidate for the 1950 elections.
[edit] An Unclear Assassination
It is widely speculated that Gaitán would likely have been elected President had he not been assassinated on April 9, 1948. Gaitán's murderer, Juan Roa Sierra, was killed by an enraged mob and his motivations were never known. Many different entities and individuals have been held responsible as the alleged plotters, including his different critics, but so far no definite information has come forward and a number of theories persist. Among them, there are versions which, sometimes conflictingly, implicate the government of Mariano Ospina Pérez, sectors of the Liberal party, the Colombian Communist Party, the CIA and others in the crime.[1]
One of the persons supporting the theory of some sort of CIA involvement in Gaitán's murder is Gloria Gaitán, who was 11 years old when her father was murdered. According to one of the different versions of this theory, Juan Roa Sierra would have acted under the orders of CIA agents John Mepples Espirito (alias Georgio Ricco) and Tomás Elliot, as part of an anti-leftist plan supposedly called Operation Pantomime. It is claimed that this would also have involved the complicity of the then Chief of Police, who would allegedly have ordered two police officers to abandon Juan Roa Sierra to be killed by the mob (a claim which conflicts with mainstream accounts of Roa Sierra's death). [2]
United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles was an avowed opponent of Communism whose law firm had represented United Fruit. His brother Allen Dulles was the director of the CIA. The brother of the Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs John Moors Cabot had once been president of United Fruit Company.
Another theory states that Juan Roa simply got tired and disenchanted of lobbying Jorge Eliécer Gaitán to get a job. He had a history of job instability and considered that he was to get a more prominent position worth of his status as reincarnation of Santander and Quesada. He had an initial conversation with Jorge Eliécer and was advised to write a letter to the President, which he did, but still did not get a job. After that, he had been visiting Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's office several times during the two months prior to the assassination. The revolver was purchased two days before the assassination and the ammunition the day before. It was only in his last visit, on April 9, when the secretary finally wrote his name to be considered by Jorge Eliécer.
Other details which have interested historians and researchers include the fact that Gaitán was murdered in the middle of the 9th Pan-American Conference, which was being led by U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall, a meeting which led to a pledge by members to fight communism in the Americas, as well as the creation of the Organization of American States.
Another event in the country's capital Bogotá was taking place at the time: a Latin American Youth Congress, organized to protest the Pan American conference. This meeting was organized by a young Fidel Castro, and was funded by Perón. Castro had an appointment to meet Gaitán, whom he very much admired, later in the afternoon on the day of his murder, and had also met with Gaitán two days earlier. It appears that Gaitán was contemplating supporting this conference. Gaitán commanded large audiences when he spoke and was one of the most influential men in the country.
The assassination provoked a violent riot known as the Bogotazo (loose translation: the sack of Bogotá, or shaking of Bogotá), and a further ten years of violence during which at least 200,000 people died (a period known as La Violencia). Some writers say that this event influenced Castro's views about the viability of an electoral route for political change.
Also in the city that day was another young man who would become a giant of 20th century Latin-American history: Colombian novelist Gabriel García Márquez. A young law student and short story writer at the time, García Márquez was eating lunch near the scene of the assassination. He arrived on the scene shortly after the shooting and witnessed the murder of Gaitán's presumed assassin at the hands of enraged bystanders. García Márquez discusses this day at vivid length in the first volume of his memoirs, Living to Tell the Tale. In his book, he describes a well-dressed man who eggs on the mob before fleeing in a luxurious car that arrived just as the presumed assassin was being dragged away.
[edit] Gaitán as a Popular Myth
A popular story, perhaps apocryphal, relates that during a debate with the Conservative candidate for president, Gaitán asked him how he made his living. "From the land," the other candidate replied.
"Ah, and how did you get this land?" asked Gaitán.
"I inherited it from my father!"
"And where did he get it from?"
"He inherited it from his father!"
The question is repeated once or twice more, and then the Conservative candidate concedes, "We took it from the Indians".
Gaitán's reply was, "Well, we want to do the opposite: we want to give the land back to the Indians". (Gaitán advocated land reform).
[edit] See also
- Communism in Colombia
- Colombian Liberal Party
- Colombian Conservative Party
- Colombian Communist Party
- Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
- Military History of the FARC-EP
[edit] References
- Geyer, Georgie Anne 1991 Guerrilla Prince: The Untold Story of Fidel Castro, Little, Brown ISBN 0316308935
- Wolf, Paul, "Evolution of the Colombian Civil War" (collection of declassified U.S. documents online) [3]
- Banana Republic: The United Fruit Company
