レイライン
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
レイラインは、古代記念物や巨石のような、考古学上重要な、多くの土地の、仮説的な一列配置を指し示す。その存在は、1921年、アマチュア考古学者のアルフレッド・ワトキンスにより示唆されたが、その著書『en:The Old Straight Track』は、一列配置に世間一般の注意を引きつけた。
現場の一列配置の存在は、容易に証明される。しかし、これら一列配置の原因は、議論されている。解釈の主領域がいくつかある:
- 考古学的: 考古学研究の新分野、考古測地学は、examines 測地学 as practiced in 先史時代, and as evidenced by archaeological remains. One major aspect of modern 測地学 is surveying. 測地学によって解釈されるので、いわゆるレイラインは、 can be the product of ancient surveying, property markings, or commonly travelled pathways. 古代、現代のおびただしい数の社会が、有用な地点をむすぶ直線を使用している; 考古学者らは、これらの伝承を have documented。 Modern surveying は、also results in placement of constructs建造物 in lines on the landscape. 人類の建造物と活動領域が人類の直線使用を反映するであろうと期待することは理にかなっている。
- 文化的: 多くの文化は、風景を横切る直線を使用する。南アメリカにおいて、そういう線はしばしば山頂のほうへ向けられる;ナスカ線は、古代文化によって作られた、長い線の有名な例である。複数の直線は、メキシコの複数の古代ピラミッドをつないでいる;こんにち、 modern roads built on the ancient roads deviate around the massive pyramids. The Chaco culture of Northeastern ニュー・メキシコ cut stairs into 砂岩 cliffs to facilitate keeping roads straight.
- ニューエイジ: Some writers (widely regarded as pseudoscientific) have claimed that the ley lines and their intersection points resonate a special psychic or magical エネルギー. These theories often include elements such as geomancy, ダウジング or UFOs, stating that, for instance, UFO's travel along ley lines (in the way that one might observe that cars use roads and highways). Some similarly believe these points on lines have 電気的al or 磁気的ic forces associated with them.
- 懐疑的: Skeptics of the actuality of ley lines often classify them as pseudoscience. そういう懐疑家は、 tend to doubt that ley lines were planned or made by ancient cultures, and argue that apparent ley lines can be readily explained without resorting to extraordinary or pseudoscientific ideas.
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[編集] Alfred Watkins と『The Old Straight Track』
レイラインの概念は、まずAlfred Watkinsによって提唱された。 On June 30, 1921, Watkins visited Blackwardine in Herefordshire, and went riding near some hills in the vicinity of Bredwardine when he noted many of the footpaths therein seemed to connect one hilltop to another in a straight line. He was studying a map when he noticed places in alignment. "The whole thing came to me in a flash," he would later explain to his son. Some people have portrayed this "flash" as being some sort of mystical experience. [要出典]
しかし、 some time before Watkins, William Henry Black gave a talk titled Boundaries and Landmarks to the British Archaeological Association in Hereford in September 1870. Here he speculated that "Monuments exist marking grand geometrical lines which cover the whole of Western Europe". It is possible that Watkins' experience stemmed from some half-recollected memories of an account of that presentation.
Watkins believed that in ancient times, when Britain had been far more densely forested, the country had been crisscrossed by a network of straight-line travel routes, with prominent features of the landscape being used as navigation points. This observation was made public at a meeting of the Woolhope Club of Hereford in September 1921. His work referred back to G. H. Piper's paper presented to the Woolhope Club in 1882 which noted that
- "A line drawn from the Skirrid-fawr mountain northwards to Arthur's Stone would pass over the camp and southern most point of Hatterill Hill, Oldcastle, Longtown Castle, and Urishay and Snodhill castles." The ancient surveyors who supposedly made the lines were given the name "dodmen".
Watkins published his ideas in the books 『Early British Trackways』 and 『The Old Straight Track.』 Nevertheless, they were generally received with skepticism in the archaeological community. The archaeologist O. G. S. Crawford refused to accept advertisements for the latter book in the journal Antiquity, and most archaeologists since then have continued to be unaccepting of Watkins' ideas.
2004年, John Bruno Hareは、書いた、"Watkins never attributed any supernatural significance to leys; he believed that they were simply pathways that had been used for trade or ceremonial purposes, very ancient in origin, possibly dating back to the Neolithic, certainly pre-Roman. His obsession with leys was a natural outgrowth of his interest in 風景 写真 and love of the British countryside. He was an intensely rational person with an active intellect, and I think he would be a bit disappointed with some of the fringe aspects of ley lines today."[1]
Despite the largely negative reception to his ideas, some experts have made observations similar to Watkins': Megalithic researcher Alexander Thom offered a detailed analysis of megalithic alignments, proposing a standardization of measure by those who built megaliths. However, Thom avoided using the term "ley line" in his discussion of megaliths. The discovery by Europeans of the Nazca lines, man-made lines on desert pavement in southern Peru, prompted study of their astronomical alignments.
[編集] ニューエイジアプローチ: magical and holy lines
Watkins' theories have been adapted by later writers. Some of his ideas were taken up by the occultist Dion Fortune who featured them in her 1936 novel The Goat-footed God. Since then, ley lines have become the subject of a few magical and mystical theories.
Two British dowsers, Captain Robert Boothby and Reginald Smith of the British Museum, have linked the appearance of ley lines with underground streams and magnetic currents. Underwood conducted various investigations and claimed that crossings of 'negative' water lines and positive aquastats explain why certain 現場sites were chosen as holy. He found so many of these 'double lines' on sacred sites現場 that he named them 'holy lines.'
Two German Nazi researchers Wilhelm Teudt and Josef Heinsch have also claimed that ancient Teutonic peoples contributed to the construction of a network of astronomical lines, called “Holy lines” (Heilige Linien), which could be mapped onto the geographical layout of ancient or sacred 現場sites. Teudt located the Teutoburger Wald district in Lower Saxony, centered around the dramatic rock formation called Die Externsteine as the centre of Germany. ナチズムは、しばしば優秀性の観念作用をemployしたし、しばしば考古学的あるいは歴史学的事実を無視してアーリアdescentを古代高度文明と関連させた。en:Nazi mysticismを参照せよ。
1960年代までに, the ideas of a landscape crossed with straight lines had become conflated with ideas from various geomantic traditions; mapping ley lines, according to New Age geomancers, can foster "harmony with the 地球" or reveal pre-historic trade routes. John Michell's writing can be seen as an example of this. He has referred to the whole face of China being heavily landscaped in accordance with the laws of Feng Shui. Michell has claimed that Neolithic peoples recognised that the harmony of society depended on the harmony of the earth force. And so in 中国, ancient ギリシャ and スコットランド men built their temples where the forces of the earth were most powerful.
[編集] 懐疑的アプローチ: chance alignments
Some skeptics have suggested that ley lines do not exist, and are a product of human fancy. Watkins' 発見が happened at a time when イギリス地理院地図 were being marketed for the レジャー市場で市販される, making them reasonably easy and cheap to obtain;これは、レイライン理論の人気の要因であったのかもしれない。
One suggestion is that, given the high density of historic and prehistoric 現場sites in Britain and other parts of Europe, finding straight lines that "connect" 現場sites (usually selected to make them "fit") is trivial, and may be easily ascribed to coincidence. The diagram to the right shows an example of lines that pass very near to a set of random points: for all practical purposes, they can be regarded as nearly "exact" alignments. Naturally, it is debated whether all ley lines can be accounted for in this way, or whether there are more such lines than would be expected by chance. (For a mathematical treatment of this topic, see alignments of random points.)
Regarding the trade-route theories, skeptics point out that straight lines do not make ideal roads in all circumstances, particularly where they ignore topography and require users to march up and down hills or mountains, or to cross rivers at points where there is no portage or bridge.
[編集] 一列配置とレイラインは同じ物か?
観察された一列配置の存在は、議論の余地がある。レイラインの呪術的かつ古代的理論の信仰者と、これらの理論に対する懐疑派との双方が、これらの一列配置は巨石と古代現場との間に存在する、ということで同意している。
Most skeptics believe that their null hypothesis of ley-line-like alignments as due to random chance is consistent with the evidence. They believe that this consistency removes the need to explain the alignments in any other way. Some Chaos Magicians have views consistent with that approach, claiming it to be in accord with their generative view of chance. Still, others believe that further theories are needed to explain the observed evidence. See hypothesis testing, falsifiability and Occam's razor for more on these topics.
ley alignments の偶然な存在に賛成反対の議論をおこなうにおいて、"alignment"という用語を、それについて推論するに足りるほど十分に正確に定義することは有益である。 One precise definition that expresses the generally accepted meaning of Watkins' ley lines defines an alignment as:
- a set of points, chosen from a given set of landmark points, all of which lie within at least an arc of 1/4 degree.
Watkins が言ったところによれば、もしこれがthe degree of errorとして受け容れられるならば、:
- "if only three accidentally placed points are on the sheet, the chance of a three point alignment is 1 in 720."
- "But this chance by accidental coincidence increases so rapidly in geometric progression with each point added that if ten mark-points are distributed haphazard on a sheet of paper, there is an average probability that there will be one three-point alignment, while if only two more points are added to make twelve points, there is a probability of two three-point alignments."
- "It is clear that a three-point alignment must not be accepted as proof of a ley by itself, as a fair number of other eligible points are usually present."
- "A ley should not be taken as proved with less than four good mark-points. Three good points with several others of less value like cross roads and coinciding tracks may be sufficient."
- The Leyhunter's Manual (page 88), 1927
One should also bear in mind that lines and points on a map cover wide areas on the ground. With 1:63360 (1-inch-to-the-mile) maps a 1/100-inch (1/4 mm) wide line represents a path over 50 feet (15 m) across. And in travelling across a sheet, an angle of 1/4 degree encompasses something like an additional 600 feet (200 m).
[編集] 論争
帰無仮説下の現在の証拠の妥当性のdemonstrationは、レイラインclaimsの formal 反証ではない。しかしながら、そのために、懐疑派は、レイライン理論を現在の証拠の裏付けがないものと見なしそうである。
もしレイライン沿いに実施に横たわる物理学的、地磁気学的、あるいは考古学的地物（ちぶつ）featureの非逸話的な証拠があれば、大部分の懐疑派は、こころよくレイラインの仮説を再検討するだろう。そういう説得力のある証拠は提出されてきていない、と懐疑派は信じている。
レイラインについては幅広い信仰、理論があるが、それらの多くは反証可能ではなく、またそれらは科学的方法 , and which are thus not generally amenable to the scientific method. Some people find ley lines compatible with a scientific approach, but 大部分の文献は、そのようなアプローチ people who are indifferent to or actively oppose such an approach 人々によって書かれている。
[編集] 学術調査
レイライン理論の調査により得られたdataによれば、some points along the lines possess higher magnetic energy than the average geomagnetic intensity. This data has been published in "Places of power" (Paul Devereux; Blandford Press, 1990) and "Lodestone Compass: Chinese or Olmec Primacy?" (John B. Carlson; Science, 1975).
レイラインの地点での磁気相互作用の理論は、一部の観察者には、 that these points were used to induct energyということを示唆する。 一部の地磁気調査者は、 have investigated this phenomenon by studying telluric currents, geomagnetism, and the Schumann resonance (among other physical phenomena). 現在のデータは、決定的ではない。
[編集] フィクションでのレイライン
In a number of sword and sorcery universes use ley lines as channels of subtle magical power, the intersections of which are 現場sites of higher than usual magic energy. Examples of this can be seen in the Warcraft series of video games and the Magic: The Gathering card game series.
レイラインはサイエンス・フィクション宇宙にもまた現れる。 例えば:
In the Palladium Books universe of role-playing games, ley lines have been depicted by the authors as being normally unseen lines of magical energy. In games (such as Palladium Fantasy, Rifts and most recently Chaos Earth), these lines contain abundant amounts of Potential Psychic Energy (P.P.E.), from which magic and/or psychic-oriented characters can draw power to enhance their own. In addition, at points where two or more ley lines intersect, an interdimensional portal (or rift) opens at the nexus. If a person steps through an open rift, he is essentially crossing through a tear in the space-time continuum. This can result in his ending up at another rift, typically one connected to one of the lines that composed the first rift, miles away from where he started. The more ley lines intersecting at one point, the more powerful the rift; so at very powerful ley line nexus points like those at the Bermuda Triangle, Calgary, and Saint Louis, the traveler may find himself crossing between planets, dimensions, and even periods in time (past and future).
In the anime Outlaw Star, the Galactic Leyline is an ancient artifact said to be able to manipulate causality to general supernatural effects.
Ley lines appeared in Hellblazer No.15, in which the character Mercury explains to John Constantine that they are walking over a ley line, which will give them a "positive charge".
In Doctor Strange's Shamballa Graphic Novel, the supreme mage must disrupt the sicked ley lines and restore the flux of arcane energy through the planet.
Robert Holdstock's novel Mythago Wood takes place in a small tract of primal forest (Ryhope Wood) that grows at a major intersection in the ley matrix. It won the World Fantasy Award for best novel.
Newly discovered "ley lines" outside the fictional village of Crybbe, set old evils against New Age in Phil Richman's Curfew (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1993).
Ley lines could be seen to be discussed in Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum, when the novel weaves telluric currents into the narrative and talks of ancient sacred sites as being transmitters or receivers of this energy. This is developed within the story to include modern structures such as the Eiffel Tower and linked to the overarching "conspiracy" or "The Plan" that underpins the novel.
Ley lines were also used in the game Broken Sword: The Sleeping Dragon, where a mad recluse and the Knights Templar try to gain power by standing at a convergance of ley lines, at the moment their power peaked and would surge through the Earth, into the person being there at that precise time.
Ley lines were mentioned in the introduction of the game Watchmaker.
In Bill Baileys' stand up routine "Part Troll" he suggests that Little Chefs were originally built on leylines and then the roads came and connected them up.
In the sprite comic 8-Bit Theater, references are made to leylines, powerfull lines of magical energy that span the earth, forming nexus' when they intersect. Indeed, the character Black Mage is said to be such a nexus.
[編集] 関連項目
[編集] 比較項目
[編集] Further reading
- Alfred Watkins, Early British Trackways (1922)
- Alfred Watkins, The Old Straight Track: Its Mounds, Beacons, Moats, Sites and Mark Stones (1925); reprinted as ISBN 0-349-13707-2
- Alfred Watkins, The Ley Hunter's Manual (1927)
- Tony Wedd, Skyways and Landmarks (1961)
- Williamson, T. and Bellamy, L., Ley Lines in Question. (1983)
- Tom Graves, Needles of Stone (1978) -- mixes ley lines and acupuncture; online edition at [2]
- Paul Broadhurst & Hamish Miller The Sun And The Serpent (1989, 1990 (paperback), 1991, 1994, 2003 (paperback))
- David R. Cowan, Chris Arnold, & David Hatcher Childress, "Ley Lines and Earth Energies: An Extraordinary Journey into the Earth's Natural Energy System"
- Bruce L. Cathie, "The Energy Grid"
[編集] 外部リンク
- Early British Trackways, at sacred-texts.com
- Energy Lines: Earth Chakra Correspondences
- A ley line map
- Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith 'Ley lines and other ‘earth mysteries’'
- http://www.magonia.demon.co.uk/arc/80/leyhistory.html
- The Ley Line Mystery
- The Society of Ley Hunters
- Ley Lines and Coincidence: discussion and computer simulation results
- Skeptic's Dictionary entry on Ley Lines
- GIS and Remote sensing site
- Ley lines, dead and buried by Danny Sullivan (Adobe pdf format)
- An excerpt from The New Ley Hunter's Guide by Paul Devereux
- Moonraking: What does it all mean?
[編集] Data sources
- The Megalithic Map (which does not take a position on this issue, but does illustrate the distribution of major megaliths in the UK)
- Megalithia, a similar website with grid references for over 1,400 sites
- GENUKI Parish Database, including grid references for over 14,000 UK churches and register offices
- The Gazetteer of British Place Names with over 50,000 entries
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