Leah

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The Vision of Rachel and Leah – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1899

Leah (Hebrew: לֵאָה, Standard Leʼa Tiberian Lēʼāh ; Arabic: ليئة, Lay'a ; "Weary; tired") is the first wife of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob and mother of six of the Twelve Tribes of Israel as described in the Book of Genesis. She is the daughter of Laban and the older sister of Rachel, Jacob's second (and favored) wife. Jacob was her first cousin, as Jacob's mother Rebekah was Laban's sister.

1 Personal history
2 Leah's offspring
3 Leah as a modern name
4 References

[edit] Personal history

[edit] Appearance

Leah is described as having "tender eyes" (Hebrew: ועיני לאה רכות) when she is first introduced (Genesis 29:16-17). Her sister, Rachel, meanwhile, is characterized as being "beautiful of form and beautiful of appearance." It is debated as to whether the adjective "tender" (רכות) should be taken to mean "delicate and soft" or "weak."^[1]

[edit] Marriage to Jacob

Leah becomes Jacob's wife through a deception on the part of her father, Laban. In the Biblical account, Jacob travels to the hometown of Laban —the brother of his mother Rebekah — sent by his mother, to avoid being killed by his brother Esau, and possibly to find a wife. Out by the well, he encounters Laban's younger daughter Rachel tending her father's sheep, and decides to marry her. He proceeds to work seven years for Laban in order to marry Rachel, but on the wedding night, Laban switches Rachel for Leah. Later Laban claims that it is uncustomary to give the younger daughter away in marriage before the older one (Genesis 29:16-30). Laban offers to give Rachel to Jacob in marriage in return for another seven years of work (Genesis 29:27). Jacob accepts the offer and marries Rachel after the week-long celebration of his marriage to Leah.

According to Rabbi Shlomo Yitzhaqi (Rashi), Leah was destined to marry Jacob's twin brother, Esau. The two brothers were polar opposites; Jacob being a God-fearing scholar and Esau being a hunter who also indulged in murder, idolatry and adultery. But people would say, "Laban has two daughters and his sister, Rebekah, has two sons. The older daughter (Leah) will marry the older son (Esau), and the younger daughter (Rachel) will marry the younger son (Jacob)."^[2] Hearing this, Leah spent most of her time weeping and praying to God to change her destined mate. Thus the Torah describes her eyes as "soft" from weeping.^[3] Hearkening to her tears and prayers, God allows her to marry Jacob even before Rachel does.

[edit] Motherhood

In the early years of the sisters' marriage, it is obvious that Jacob loves Rachel more than Leah.^[3] To increase Jacob's love for his first wife, God opens Leah's womb and she conceives four sons in quick succession. These are Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah (Genesis 29:31-35). Seeing that she is unable to conceive, Rachel offers her handmaid Bilhah as a third wife to Jacob, and names and raises the two sons (Dan and Naphtali) that Bilhah bears. Leah responds by offering her handmaid Zilpah as a fourth wife to Jacob, and names and raises the two sons (Gad and Asher) that Zilpah bears. According to some commentaries, Bilhah and Zilpah were actually half-sisters of Leah and Rachel.^[4]

One day, Leah's firstborn son Reuben returns from the field with mandrakes for his mother. Leah has not conceived for a while, and this plant, whose roots resemble the human body, was thought to be an aid to fertility.^[5] Frustrated that she is not able to conceive at all, Rachel offers to trade her night with their husband in return for the mandrakes. Leah agrees, and that night she conceives Issachar. Afterwards she gives birth to Zebulun and to a daughter, Dinah. After that, God remembers Rachel and gives her two sons, Joseph and Benjamin.

[edit] Rivalry with Rachel

On a homiletical level, the classic Chassidic texts explain the sisters' rivalry as more than marital jealousy. Each woman desired to grow spiritually in her avodat Hashem (service of God), and therefore sought closeness to the tzadik (Jacob) who is God's personal emissary in this world. By marrying Jacob and bearing his sons, who would be raised in the tzadik's home and continue his mission into the next generation (indeed, all 12 sons became tzadikim in their own right and formed the foundation of the Nation of Israel), they would develop an even closer relationship to God. Therefore Leah and Rachel each wanted to have as many of those sons as possible, going so far as to offer their handmaids as wives to Jacob so they could have a share in the upbringing of their handmaids' sons, too.^[6]

Each woman also continually questioned whether she was doing enough in her personal efforts toward increased spirituality, and would use the other's example to spur herself on. Rachel envied Leah's tearful prayers, by which she merited to marry the tzadik and bear six of his twelve sons.^[6]^[4] The Talmud - Gemarah Megillah - says that Rachel even revealed to Leah the secret signs which she and Jacob had devised to identify the veiled bride, because they both suspected Laban would pull such a trick.^[7]

[edit] Death and burial

Leah died some time after Jacob returned with his family to the land of Canaan. She is traditionally thought to be buried in the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron along with her husband, Jacob, Abraham and Sarah, and Isaac and Rebekah.^[8]

[edit] Leah's offspring

God fulfills His covenant to Abraham through Leah's descendants. Her son Judah becomes the effective leader among the sons of Jacob and the father of the pre-eminent tribe in the nation of Israel.^[9] All the kings of Israel (save for the Hasmonean dynasty) come from Judah, most notably King David. According to Jewish tradition, King David's future offspring will be the Messiah.^[10] Christians believe that this messianic descendant was already born in the person of Jesus.^[11]

Rachel's son, Joseph, is destined to be the interim leader who bridges the gap between exile and nationhood. This is exemplified in the Biblical story of Joseph, who prepared the way in Egypt for his family's exile there,^[12] and in the future figure of Mashiach ben Yosef (Messiah, son of Joseph), who will fight the apocalyptic Wars of Gog and Magog, preparing the way for the kingship of Mashiach ben David (Messiah, son of David) and the messianic age.^[13]^[14]