List of Canadian Jews
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The Jewish population of Canada is approximately 385,000, with a majority living in either Toronto (200,000) or Montreal (100,000). Following the end of World War II, some 40,000 Holocaust survivors, stemming mainly from Eastern Europe, resettled in Canada (third in number behind Israel and the United States).[1] The following is a list of some prominent Canadian Jews (Jewish Canadians).
Contents |
[edit] Academics
[edit] Natural scientists
- Sidney Altman, molecular biologist, Nobel Prize (1989)
- Ursula Franklin, metallurgist
- Calvin Gotlieb, computer scientist[2]
- Charles Hollenberg, physician
- William Kahan, computer scientist, Turing Award (1989)
- Martin Kamen, chemist
- Irving Kaplansky, mathematician
- Rachmiel Levine, physician
- David H. Levy, astronomer
- Rudolph Marcus, chemist, Nobel Prize (1992)
- Henry Morgentaler, doctor & abortion activist[3]
- Louis Nirenberg, mathematician
- Abraham Peliowski, Physician, Neonatologist
- John Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (1986) (Jewish father)
- Martin Raff, cell biologist
- Anatol Rapoport, mathematical psychologist
- Ray Reiter, computer scientist
- Juda Quastel, biochemist
- Louis Siminovitch, molecular biologist
- Louis Slotin, physicist & radiation victim
- Rudolf Vrba, pharmacologist
- Mark Wainberg, AIDS researcher
[edit] Social scientists
- Irving Abella, historian
- Anne Bayefsky, human rights scholar
- Eric Berne, psychiatrist (Canadian-born)
- Norman Cantor, historian
- Erving Goffman, sociologist
- J. L. Granatstein, historian
- Gad Horowitz, political scientist
- Raymond Klibansky, philosopher
- James Laxer, political economist (Jewish father)
- Michael Marrus, historian.
- Leo Panitch, political scientist
- Steven Pinker, psychologist (Canadian-born)
- David Roskies, Author & Professor of Yiddish Literature (Canadian-born)
- Myron Scholes, economist, Nobel Prize (1997)
- Lionel Tiger, anthropologist
- Jacob Viner, economist (Canadian-born)
[edit] Artists
- Aba Bayefsky, painter
- Arnold Belkin, paiter
- Joyce Borenstein, animator, filmmaker & cartoonist
- Sam Borenstein, painter
- Sorel Etrog, sculptor
- Frank Gehry, architect
- Albert Gilbert, photographer[citation needed]
- Gerald Gladstone, sculptor
- Eric Goldberg (artist), painter
- Jack Goldstein, multimedia artist
- Philip Guston, abstract expressionist
- William Raphael, painter
- Moshe Safdie, architect
- Yechiel (Eli) Shainblum, painter, sculptor and Montreal Jewish day-school teacher
- Joe Shuster, co-creator of Superman
- Max Stern, art dealer
[edit] Business and philanthropy
- Izzy Asper, founder of CanWest Global Communications
- David Azrieli, businessman & philanthropist
- Jenny Belzberg, philanthropist
- Samuel Belzberg, businessman & philanthropist
- Garner Bornstein, founder of Generation Net and Airborne Entertainment
- Samuel Bronfman, founder of Seagram, Bronfman family dynasty
- Edgar, Sr., Edgar, Jr., Edward & Charles Bronfman, businessmen & philanthropists
- Reuben Cohen, businessman
- George Cohon, founder of McDonald's of Canada
- Maxwell Cummings, businessman & philanthropist
- Leslie Dan, businessman & philanthropist
- Jack Diamond, businessman & philanthropist
- Jacob Ghermezian & sons, real estate owners & developers
- Milton Harris, businessman
- Michal Hornstein, businessman & philanthropist
- Avrom Isaacs, art dealer
- Phyllis Lambert, architect and founder of the Canadian Centre for Architecture
- Nelson Millman, Program director and VP of Fan 590
- David Mirvish, Theatre producer and son of Ed Mirvish
- Ed Mirvish, businessman & philanthropist
- Andy Nulman, co-founder of the Just for Laughs Comedy Festival and Airborne Entertainment
- Paul Reichmann & family, real estate owners & developers
- Sarah & Herman Reitman, founders of Reitmans
- Harry Rosen, businessman
- Joseph Rotman, businessman & philanthropist
- Seymour Schulich, businessman & philanthropist
- Gerald Schwartz, founder of Onex Corporation
- Barry Sherman, bilionaire, founder of Apotex
- Alex Shnaider, billionaire, co-founder of Midland Group
- Jeffrey Skoll, billionaire, co-founder of eBay, philanthropist
- Isadore Sharp, businessman
- Ida Steinberg, businessman founder of now bankrupt Steinberg's
- Max Stern, arts benefactor
- Jack Tietolman, radio pioneer
- Moses Znaimer, Founder of CityTV, media philosopher
[edit] Film, TV and stage
[edit] Actors and performers
- Harvey Atkin, actor
- Matt Austin, actor
- Liane Balaban, actress (Jewish father)
- Sarah Barrable-Tishauer (1988 - ) television actress (Degrassi: The Next Generation)[4]
- Jay Baruchel, actor
- Lani Billard (1979 - ) television actress (Ready or Not)[5]
- Ben Blue, actor and comedian
- Lloyd Bochner, actor
- Rick Bronson, comedian and TV travel show host
- Neve Campbell (1973 - ) film and television actress (Scream)[7]
- Emmanuelle Chriqui, actress
- Lauren Collins (1986 - ) television actress (Degrassi: The Next Generation)[8][6]
- Paulo Costanzo, actor
- Erica Ehm, video jockey
- Jamie Elman, actor, Student Bodies, American Dreams
- Jake Epstein (1987 - ) teen idol/TV actor (Degrassi: The Next Generation)[9][10]
- Stacey Farber (1987 - ) television actress (Degrassi: the Next Generation)[11][12]
- Victor Garber, actor
- Jessalyn Gilsig, TV actress (Jewish father)
- Joanna Gleason, actor
- Jake Goldsbie (1988 - ) television actor (Degrassi: the Next Generation)[13]
- Aubrey Graham (1986 - ) television actor (Degrassi: The Next Generation)[4][14]
- Lorne Greene, actor
- Corey Haim, actor
- Monty Hall, TV host
- Melissa Hayden, ballet dancer (unconfirmed)
- Kenny Hotz - filmmaker, actor, producer, director, journalist, photographer and writer[7]
- Lou Jacobi, actor
- Shane Kippel (1986 - ) television actor (Degrassi: The Next Generation)[4][15]
- Mia Kirshner, actress
- Wes Kovarik, (1987 - ) Teen Jeopardy Superstar and 2nd Place Winner, 2005
- Eugene Levy (1946 - ) actor, television director, producer and writer[8]
- Jaclyn Linetsky (1986 - 2003) television actress (15/Love)[9]
- Howie Mandel, actor & comedian[10]
- Lorne Michaels, (born Lorne Lipowitz), creator of Saturday Night Live
- Rick Moranis, actor & comedian
- Jesse Paikin, actor & playwright
- Spencer Rice - writer, director and performer[7]
- Seth Rogen (1982 - ) film/television actor (Freaks & Greeks)[11]
- Saul Rubinek, actor
- Mort Sahl, comedian
- Paul Shaffer, TV comedian
- Sharon, Lois & Bram, children's musical group
- William Shatner, actor
- David Steinberg, comedian
- Shyla Stylez (1982 - ), pornographic actress
- Kyle Switzer (1985 - ) television actor (15/Love)[12]
- Tara Strong (née Charendoff), voice actress
- Al Waxman, actor[13]
- Wayne and Shuster, comedy duo
- Joseph Wiseman, actor
[edit] Directors and producers
- Mark Achbar, director
- Sidney M. Cohen director-producer
- David Cronenberg, director
- Garth Drabinsky, theatre impressario
- Sidney J. Furie, director
- Evan Goldberg, producer,director,writer
- Harold Greenberg, producer
- Arthur Hiller, director
- John Hirsch, theatre director
- Kenny Hotz - filmmaker, actor, producer, director, journalist, photographer and writer[7]
- Sharon Hyman, filmmaker, film producer
- Robert Lantos, producer
- Louis B. Mayer, film producer
- Lorne Michaels, TV producer
- Ivan Reitman, director
- Spencer Rice - writer, director and performer[7]
- Albert S. Ruddy, director
- Mark Slutsky, writer-director and bon vivant
- Moses Znaimer, TV producer
[edit] Historical figures
[edit] Politicians
- Israel Asper, Manitoba MLA, leader of provincial Liberals
- Jack Austin, senator and former cabinet minister, married to Natalie Veiner Freeman.[14]
- Dave Barrett, former premier of British Columbia (Jewish father)[15]
- Peter Bercovitch, Quebec MNA and MP[16]
- Lawrence Bergman, Quebec MNA and cabinet minister[17]
- Sidney Buckwold, senator and mayor of Saskatoon
- David Caplan, Ontario MPP
- Elinor Caplan, MP
- Saul Mark Cherniack, Manitoba MLA[18]
- David Chudnovsky, British Columbia MLA
- David L. Cohen, municipal councillor in Richmond Hill, Ontario
- Erminie Cohen, senator
- David Croll, senator[19]
- Barnett Jerome Danson, cabinet minister
- Howard Epstein, Nova Scotia MLA
- Mike Feldman, deputy mayor of Toronto
- Sheila Finestone, MP and senator[20]
- Raymonde Folco, MP[21]
- Myra Freeman, lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia[22]
- Ron Ghitter, senator
- Victor Goldbloom, Quebec MNA and doctor[23]
- Carl Goldenberg, senator
- Yoine Goldstein, senator[24]
- Cy Gonick, Manitoba MLA
- Herb Gray, deputy prime minister[25]
- Sidney Green, Manitoba MLA
- Allan Grossman, Ontario MPP
- Larry Grossman, Ontario MPP
- Charles Harnick, Ontario MPP, Attorney General of Ontario
- Ezekiel Hart, the first Jew elected to the Canadian Parliament[26]
- Anthony Housefather, Mayor of Cote Saint-Luc (suburb of Montreal)[27]
- Susan Kadis, MP
- Bob Kaplan, solicitor general
- Sam Katz, mayor of Winnipeg
- Leonard Arthur Kitz, mayor of Halifax
- Leo Kolber, senator
- Monte Kwinter, Ontario MPP[28]
- Saul Laskin, mayor of Thunder Bay
- Mel Lastman, mayor of Toronto
- David Lewis, NDP leader
- Stephen Lewis, Ontario NDP leader
- Robert Libman, Quebec MNA and mayor
- Richard Marceau, MP
- Herbert Marx, Quebec MNA and Minister of Justice
- Nathan Phillips, mayor of Toronto[29]
- Stephen Mandel, mayor of Edmonton[30]
- Howard Moscoe, municipal politician in Toronto
- Henry Nathan, Jr., 1st Jewish Canadian in House of Commons
- Bob Rae, premier of Ontario (Jewish paternal grandfather; practicing Anglican)
- Scott Reid, MP (Jewish mother)
- Fred Rose, MP
- Harvey Rosen, mayor of Kingston
- Jacques Saada, MP[31]
- J.B. Salsberg, Ontario MPP
- Morton Shulman, Ontario NDP MPP, Doctor, Coroner, Journalist, Businessman
- Mira Spivak, senator[32]
- Sidney Spivak, Manitoba MLA[33]
- Harry Veiner, Mayor of Medicine Hat, brother of Sam Veiner
- Gerry Weiner, MP[34]
[edit] Jurists and public servants
- Rosalie Abella, Supreme Court justice
- Alan Borovoy, lawyer
- Harold Buchwald, lawyer
- Irwin Cotler, justice minister[35]
- Ben Dunkelman, soldier
- Morris Fish, Supreme Court justice
- Samuel Freedman, Manitoba chief justice
- Alan B. Gold, Quebec chief justice
- Klaus Goldschlag, ambassador
- Allan Gotlieb, ambassador
- Edward Greenspan, lawyer
- Sol Kanee, lawyer
- Bora Laskin, chief Supreme Court justice
- Nathaniel Nemetz, British Columbia chief justice
- Louis Rasminsky, governor of the Bank of Canada
- Marshall Rothstein, Supreme Court justice
- Clayton Ruby, lawyer
- Bernard Shapiro, Ethics Commissioner of Canada
- Morris Shumiatcher, lawyer
[edit] Religious figures
- Aviel Barclay, blog author and first certified Soferet (female Torah scribe) in Jewish history
- Neil Gillman, Conservative Rabbi (Canadian-born)
- Ernest Klein, Rabbi and author
- Gunther Plaut, Reform Rabbi
[edit] Musicians
[edit] Popular musicians
- Natalie & Nicole Appleton, members of All Saints (Jewish mother)
- Jesse Barksdale, jazz guitarist (Jewish mother)
- Steve Bays, member of Hot Hot Heat
- David Buchbinder, jazz and klezmer trumpeter and composer
- Leonard Cohen, songwriter & poet
- Percy Faith, bandleader, composer and conductor
- Chilly Gonzales, electronica
- Daniel Greaves, Joey Serlin, Sammy Kohn, members of The Watchmen
- Shai Haddad, rapper
- Moe Koffman, jazz musician
- Corky Laing, member of Mountain
- Steve Lederman, musician, music historian, drummer
- Geddy Lee, frontman of Rush
- Marilyn Lerner, jazz pianist
- Sophie Milman (1983 - ) jazz musician[36]
- Ben Mink, collaborator of k.d. lang (who herself claims remote Jewish ancestry)
- Steven Page, member of Barenaked Ladies
- Peaches, electrothrash artist
- Robbie Robertson, member of The Band (Jewish father)[37]
- Lindsay Robins (1986 - ) singer/songwriter[38]
- Lhasa de Sela, singer/songwriter (Jewish mother)
- Jake Shamash, drummer from popular band Transcend/good friend of Jer :)
- David Usher, singer/songwriter (Jewish father)
- Zack Werner, judge on Canadian Idol
- Zal Yanovsky, member of The Lovin' Spoonful
[edit] Classical musicians
- Harry Adaskin, violinist
- Murray Adaskin, violinist & composer
- Louis Applebaum, composer
- Henry Brant, composer
- Alexander Brott, composer, violinist & conductor
- Victor Feldbrill, conductor
- Maureen Forrester, opera singer
- Harry Freedman, composer
- Srul Irving Glick, composer
- Nicholas Goldschmidt, conductor (Jewish father)
- Leo Grinhauz, cellist
- Luis Grinhauz, violinist
- Ofra Harnoy, cellist
- David L. Kaplan, professor and conductor
- George London, operatic baritone
- Berta Rosenohl, pianist
- Howard Shore, film composer
- Victoria Taranova, opera singer
- John Weinzweig, composer
- Maurice Zbriger, violinist
[edit] Writers
[edit] Authors
- Irving Abella, historian
- Pierre Anctil, non-Jewish translator of Yiddish writing into French
- Joel Bakan, author
- Saul Bellow, writer, Nobel Prize (1976) (Canadian-born)
- David Bezmozgis, author[39]
- Leonard Cohen, poet and songwriter
- Matt Cohen, writer
- Cory Doctorow, author, blogger
- Howard Engel, mystery writer
- Martin Friedland, author, professor & lawyer
- Matt Friedman, journalist & author
- Mavis Gallant, author
- Jonathan Goldstein, author, radio producer
- Phyllis Gotlieb, science fiction writer & poet
- Sondra Gotlieb, writer
- Charles Yale Harrison, novelist and biographer
- Anna Heilman, memoirist
- Karen Irving, novelist
- Naïm Kattan, writer
- A.M. Klein, poet
- Rachel Korn, poet
- Henry Kreisel, novelist
- Irving Layton, poet
- Norman Levine, writer
- Jack Ludwig, writer
- Eli Mandel, poet[40]
- Seymour Mayne, poet
- Anne Michaels, poet and novelist[41]
- Edeet Ravel, novelist
- Mordecai Richler, author
- Régine Robin, author
- Rick Salutin, playwright & critic
- Mark Shainblum, author & comic book creator
- Jason Sherman, playwright
- Joseph Sherman, poet
- Mark Strand, poet
- Morley Torgov, author
- Karen X. Tulchinsky, author & screenwriter
- Miriam Waddington, poet[42]
- Tom Wayman, poet
- William Weintraub, author
- Adele Wiseman, writer[43]
[edit] Journalists
- Barbara Amiel, journalist[44]
- Steven Cojocaru, fashion critic
- Red Fisher, sports journalist[45]
- Barbara Frum, journalist[46]
- David Frum, political advisor and columnist
- Jamie Glazov, cyberjournalist (Jewish father & maternal grandfather; identifies as Christian Jew)
- Lorrie Goldstein, journalist and editor
- Martin Himel, journalist
- Naomi Klein, journalist, author and activist
- Michael Landsberg, sports broadcaster
- Michele Landsberg, columnist and social activist
- Ezra Levant, journalist
- Avi Lewis, broadcaster
- Eric Margolis, journalist (Margolis has a Jewish father)
- Peter C. Newman, journalist[47]
- M.J. Nurenberger, founder of Canadian Jewish News
- Steve Paikin, broadcaster
- Joe Schlesinger, journalist
- Ellie Tesher, advice columnist
- Marc Weisblott, music and media journalist and blogger
- Larry Zolf, journalist[48]
[edit] Sports
- Samuel Berger, CFL teams owner
- Mike Cammalleri, NHL player
- Noah Cantor, CFL player[49]
- Sherman Greenfeld, racquetball world champion
- Cecil Hart, Montreal Canadiens coach[50]
- Sydney Halter, first commissioner of the Canadian Football League
- Lew Hayman, Toronto Argonauts & Montreal Alouettes coach[51]
- Corey Hirsch, NHL goalie
- Abigail Hoffman, track and field athlete
- Mark Laskin, International Show Jumper
- Joey Richman,Montreal Alouette
- Goodwin Rosen, MLB outfielder
- Bobbie Rosenfeld, all-round female athlete[52]
- Louis Rubenstein, world figure skating champion[53]
- Albert Schneider, Olympic boxing champion
- Adam Stern, Baltimore Orioles (Jewish father)
- Ben Weider, physical fitness
- Daniel Yanofsky, Chess Grandmaster
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ Franklin Bialystok, Delayed Impact: The Holocaust and the Canadian Jewish Community, 1945-1985 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000). (as cited in http://www.bnaibrith.ca/institute/millennium/millennium01.html)
- ^ Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Henry Morgentaler. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ a b c Jones, Jen (12/06). "School's In for Degrassi". JV!be. ISSN. Retrieved on 2006-12-15.
- ^ Billard - [1] "Lani Billard (Busy) in real life - who is Jewish"
- ^ Collins - [2] "She's currently trekking across Israel on a 10-day kibbutz and chatting about her career while surrounded by a busload of other young adults... When she returns from the tour — a trip called Birthright that offers free treks to the country for Jews in their late teens and early twenties — filming will begin almost immediately..."
- ^ a b c d Pascoe, Bryon, Telner, Paul. "Comedians Kenny and Spenny revel in their ‘Heb-i-ness’", The Canadian Jewish News, 2006-12-07. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
- ^ Rosen, Steven (2006-11-16). "Want to spoof Purim and the Oscars? Be our Guest!". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles 21 (39). Retrieved on 2006-11-16.
- ^ Linetsky - [3] "A year ago, life could not have been much better for Jaclyn Linetsky. The beautiful young Jewish actress from the Montreal suburb of Hampstead had just scored a starring role in a new YTV tween comedy-drama 15/Love."
- ^ Howie Mandel to headline ICRF gala. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Rogen - [4]
- ^ Switzer - [5] "Another Jewish member of the cast is Ottawa’s Kyle Switzer who plays campus newspaper editor Rick Geddes."
- ^ Al Waxman dies at 65. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Martin names cabinet. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Hillary, Stock, and anti-Semitism. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Possible loss of 'Jewish' riding deplored. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Bergman named to Charest cabinet. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Jewish candidates defeated in Manitoba. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ David Arnold Croll. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Finestone to retire from Senate. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Montreal remains faithful to Liberals. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Q Lt.-Gov. succeeds in blending responsibilities. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Possible loss of 'Jewish' riding deplored. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Montreal Jewish lawyer named to the Senate. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Hillary, Stock, and anti-Semitism. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Hart. JewishEnyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Jews nearly 10% of megacity councillors. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Ottawa rabbi adds Jewish touch to Dalton McGuinty’s big day. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Cornwall shul closes its doors on an 80-year history. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Edmonton elects first Jewish mayor. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Martin names cabinet. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Manitoba's Sidney Spivak remembered as a gentleman. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Manitoba's Sidney Spivak remembered as a gentleman. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Quebec Jews will stick with the Liberals. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-30.
- ^ Martin names cabinet. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Milman - [6] "“In Canada, I’m Jewish first, Israeli second. When people start on the Jews, that’s when I get very Jewish. Obviously I’m Israeli whenever I turn on the news. I’m Canadian when I’m in the United States. I am a collection of all these things,” Milman says with an air of defiance."
- ^ Robbie Robertson. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Levy-Ajzenkopf, Andy. "Montreal singer scores with VJ Search’s theme song", The Canadian Jewish News, 2006-11-29. Retrieved on 2006-11-29.
- ^ "Bright light, big city", The Globe and Mail, June 3, 2004.
- ^ Eli Mandel. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Anne Michaels. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Miriam Waddington. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Adele Wiseman. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Canadian Who's Who 1997 entry. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ RED FISHER. International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Alanna Mitchell. "Barbara Frum Journalistic icon had her feet firmly on the ground", The Globe and Mail, March 27, 1992.
- ^ Peter Charles Newman. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. Canadian Jewish News. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ Noah Cantor. National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ CECIL "CECE" HART. International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ LEW HAYMAN. http://www.jewishsports.net/BioPages/LewHayman.htm. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ FANNY "BOBBIE" ROSENFELD. International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ LOUIS RUBENSTEIN. International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
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