List of philosophers born in the nineteenth century
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Philosophers born in the nineteenth century (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically:
-
- Note: This list has a minimal criteria for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed.
See also:
- List of philosophers born in the centuries BC
- List of philosophers born in the first through tenth centuries
- List of philosophers born in the eleventh through fourteenth centuries
- List of philosophers born in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
- List of philosophers born in the seventeenth century
- List of philosophers born in the eighteenth century
- List of philosophers born in the nineteenth century
- List of philosophers born in the twentieth century
- List of living philosophers and academics of philosophy
[edit] A
- Muhammad Abduh, (1849-1905)R
- Robert Adamson, (1852-1902)
- Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, (1839-1897)R
- Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, (1890-1963)O12R
- Konstantin Sergeyevich Aksakov, (1817-1860)
- Samuel Alexander, (1859-1938)CO12R
- Bhimrao Ambedkar, (1891-1956)R
- Henri-Frédéric Amiel, (1821-1881)
- John Anderson, (1893-1962)O12R
- Roberto Ardigo, (1828-1920)
- Valentin Ferdinandovich Asmus, (1894-1975)R
- Sri Aurobindo, (1872-1950)O12R
- Richard Avenarius, (1843-1896)CO12R
[edit] B
- Gaston Bachelard, (1884-1962)CO12R
- Alexander Bain, (1818-1903)CO12
- Mikhail Bakhtin, (1895-1975)CO12R
- Mikhail Bakunin, (1814-1876)CO12R
- James Mark Baldwin, (1861-1934)
- Karl Barth, (1886-1968)O12R
- Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, (1805-1895)
- Georges Bataille, (1897-1962)CR
- Bruno Bauer, (1809-1882)O12RS
- David Baumgardt, (1890-1963)R
- Oskar Becker, (1889-1964)
- Vissarion Belinsky, (1811-1848)R
- Julien Benda, (1867-1956)
- Walter Benjamin, (1892-1940)O12R
- Nikolai Berdyaev, (1874-1948)CO12R
- Henri Bergson, (1859-1941)CO12RS
- Eduard Bernstein, (1850-1932)R
- Nathan Birnbaum, (1864-1937)
- Brand Blanshard, (1892-1987)O12
- Ernst Bloch, (1885-1977)CO12R
- Maurice Blondel, (1861-1949)C
- Benjamin Paul Blood, (1832-1919)
- Hermann Blumenau, (1819-1899)
- George Boas, (1891-1980)
- Alexander Bogdanov, (1873-1928)O12R
- Niels Bohr, (1885-1962)O12R
- Ludwig Boltzmann, (1844-1906)CO12
- John Elof Boodin, (1869-1950)
- George Boole, (1815-1864)O12RS*
- Bernard Bosanquet, (1848-1923)CO12RS
- Emile Boutroux, (1845-1921)R
- Oets Kolk Bouwsma, (1898-1978)C
- Borden Parker Bowne, (1847-1910)R
- F. H. Bradley, (1846-1924)CO12RS
- Franz Brentano, (1838-1917)CO12RS
- Percy Williams Bridgman, (1882-1961)O12R
- Edgar S. Brightman, (1884-1953)O12
- C. D. Broad, (1887-1971)CO12R
- Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer, (1881-1966)CO12S
- Orestes Brownson, (1803-1876)O12
- Constantin Brunner, (1862-1937)
- Emil Brunner, (1889-1966)R
- Leon Brunschvicg, (1869-1944)CO12R
- James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, (1838-1922)R
- Martin Buber, (1878-1965)CO12RS
- Ludwig Büchner, (1824-1899)R
- Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov, (1871-1944)R
- Rudolf Bultmann, (1884-1976)O12R
- Jacob Burckhardt, (1818-1897)O12
- Samuel Butler, (1835-1902)O12
[edit] C
- Cai Yuanpei, (1868-1940)
- Edward Caird, (1835-1908)C
- Mary Whiton Calkins, (1863-1930)
- Norman Robert Campbell, (1880-1949)CR
- Georg Cantor, (1845-1918)CO12R
- Rudolf Carnap, (1891-1970)CO12RS*
- Lewis Carroll, (1832-1898)CO12R
- Paul Carus, (1852-1919)
- Ernst Cassirer, (1874-1945)CO12RS
- Carlo Cattaneo, (1801-1869)R
- Emile Auguste Chartier, (1868-1951)
- Nikolai Chernyshevsky, (1828-1889)R
- Ch'ien Mu, (1895-1990)C
- Leon Chwistek, (1884-1944)
- August Cieszkowski, (1814-1894)R
- William Kingdon Clifford, (1845-1879)CO12
- Hermann Cohen, (1842-1918)CO12RS*
- R. G. Collingwood, (1889-1943)CO12RS
- Josephus Flavius Cook, (1838-1901)
- John Cook Wilson, (1849-1915)CO2
- Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy, (1877-1947)
- Hans Cornelius, (1863-1947)
- Antoine Augustin Cournot, (1801-1877)CR
- Louis Couturat, (1868-1914)CO12
- James Edwin Creighton, (1861-1924)
- Benedetto Croce, (1866-1952)CO12R
- Tadeusz Czezowski, (1889-1981)
- Heinrich Czolbe, (1819-1873)C
[edit] D
- Nikolay Danilevsky (1822-1885)
- Charles Darwin, (1809-1882)R
- Augustus De Morgan, (1806-1871)CO12R
- Francesco De Sanctis, (1817-1883)
- Richard Dedekind, (1831-1916)CO12R
- Galvano Della Volpe, (1895-1968)
- Paul Deussen, (1845-1919)
- John Dewey, (1859-1952)CO12R
- Albert Venn Dicey, (1835-1922)R
- Wilhelm Dilthey, (1833-1911)CO12R
- Hugo Dingler, (1881-1954)
- Herman Dooyeweerd, (1894-1977)R
- Fyodor Dostoevsky, (1821-1881)R
- Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch, (1867-1941)
- Emil du Bois-Reymond, (1818-1896)R
- Curt Ducasse, (1881-1969)CO12R
- Pierre Duhem, (1861-1916)CO12R
- Eugen Dühring, (1833-1921)O12R
- Émile Durkheim, (1858-1917)O12R
[edit] E
- Julius Ebbinghaus, (1885-1981)
- Mary Baker Eddy, (1821-1910)
- Christian von Ehrenfels, (1856-1932)
- Albert Einstein, (1879-1955)CO12R
- George Eliot, (1819-1880)R
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, (1803-1882)CO12RS
- Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)CO12R
- Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (1846-1926)
- Julius Evola, (1898-1974)
[edit] F
- Thome H. Fang, (1899-1976)C
- Gustav Fechner, (1801-1887)CR
- Feng Youlan, (1895-1990)C
- Ernest Fenollosa, (1853-1908)
- Giuseppe Ferrari, (1812-1876)
- James Frederick Ferrier, (1808-1864)R
- Ludwig Feuerbach, (1804-1872)CO12RS
- Kuno Fischer, (1824-1907)
- John Fiske, (1842-1901)
- Franciszek Fiszer, (1860-1937)
- Robert Flint, (1838-1910)
- Pavel Aleksandrovich Florenskii, (1882-1937)R
- Georges Florovsky, (1893-1979)
- Jerome Frank, (1889-1957)R
- Philipp Frank, (1884-1966)
- Semën Liudvigovich Frank (1877-1950)R
- Gottlob Frege, (1848-1925)CO12RS
- Sigmund Freud, (1856-1939)CO12R
- Hans Freyer, (1887-1969)
- Nikolai Fyodorovich Fyodorov, (1828-1906)R
[edit] G
- Mahatma Gandhi, (1869-1948)CO12R
- Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, (1887-1964)R
- Nārāyana Guru(1856-1928)
- Giovanni Gentile, (1875-1944)CO12R
- Otto von Gierke, (1841-1921)
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman, (1860-1935)
- Étienne Gilson, (1884-1978)CO12
- Asher Ginsberg (or Ahad Ha'am), (1856-1927)R
- Vincenzo Gioberti, (1801-1852)CR
- Arthur de Gobineau, (1816-1882}
- Antonio Gramsci, (1891-1937)CO12R
- Thomas Hill Green, (1836-1882)CO12RS
- Kurt Grelling, (1886-1942)
- John Grote, (1813-1866)R
- D. V. Gundappa, (1889-1975)
- G. I. Gurdjieff, (1872-1949)
- Edmund Gurney, (1847-1888)R
[edit] H
- Paul Haeberlin, (1878-1960)
- Ernst Haeckel, (1834-1919)CR
- Axel Anders Theodor Hagerstrom, (1868-1939)R
- Béla Hamvas, (1897-1968)
- Eduard Hanslick, (1825-1904)R
- Friedrich Harms, (1819-1880)
- William Torrey Harris, (1835-1909)
- Eduard Von Hartmann, (1842-1906)CO12R
- Nicolai Hartmann, (1882-1950)CO12RS*
- Charles Hartshorne, (1897-2000)CO12S
- Friedrich Hayek, (1899-1992)O12R
- Rudolf Haym, (1821-1901)
- Martin Heidegger, (1889-1976)CO12RS*
- Hermann von Helmholtz, (1821-1894)CR
- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, (1857-1894)R
- Alexander Herzen, (1812-1870)CO12R
- Moses Hess, (1812-1875)R
- Sergei Iosifovich Hessen, (1887-1950)R
- David Hilbert, (1862-1943)CO12
- Dietrich von Hildebrand, (1889-1977)
- Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, (1864-1929)O12
- William Ernest Hocking, (1873-1966)O12
- Shadworth Hodgson, (1832-1912)O12
- Harald Høffding, (1843-1931)O12
- Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, (1879-1918)CR
- Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., (1841-1935)R
- Max Horkheimer, (1895-1973)CR
- Hsiung Shih-li, (1885-1968)C
- Hu Shih, (1891-1962)C
- Elbert Hubbard, (1856-1915)
- Edmund Husserl, (1859-1938)CO12RS
- Thomas Henry Huxley, (1825-1895)R
[edit] I
- Ivan Aleksandrovich Il'in, (1883-1954)CR
- Roman Ingarden, (1893-1970)CO12RS
- William Ralph Inge, (1860-1954)R
- Muhammad Iqbal, (1877-1938)O12R
[edit] J
- Henry James Sr., (1811-1882)
- William James, (1842-1910)CO12RS
- Karl Jaspers, (1883-1969)CO12RS*
- William Stanley Jevons, (1835-1882)CO12S*
- Rudolf von Jhering, (1818-1892)R
- C.E.M. Joad, (1891-1953)
- William Ernest Johnson, (1858-1931)CO12
- Jørgen Jørgensen, (1894-1969)O12
- Carl Jung, (1875-1961)CO12R
- Ernst Jünger, (1895-1998)
- Jiddu Krishnamurti,(1895-1986)
[edit] K
- Kang Youwei, (1858-1927)C
- Mordecai Kaplan, (1881-1983)R
- Karl Kautsky, (1854-1938)O12R
- Konstantin Kavelin (1818-1885)
- Hans Kelsen, (1881-1973)O12R
- Norman Kemp Smith, (1872-1958)R
- John Maynard Keynes, (1883-1946)CO12R
- Hermann von Keyserling, (1880-1946)
- Aleksey Khomyakov (1804-1860)
- Søren Kierkegaard, (1813-1855)CO12RS
- Wolfgang Köhler, (1887-1967)C
- Alejandro Korn, (1860-1936)O12
- Tadeusz Kotarbiński, (1886-1981)CO12R
- Alexandre Koyre, (1892-1964)R
- Karl Kraus, (1874-1936)O12
- Jiddu Krishnamurti, (1895-1986)
- Leopold Kronecker, (1823-1891)R
- Richard Kroner, (1884-1974)
- Peter Kropotkin, (1842-1921)CO12R
- Kuki Shuzo, (1888-1941)R
[edit] L
- Antonio Labriola, (1843-1904)CR
- Jules Lachelier, (1832-1918)R
- Pierre Laffitte, (1823-1903)C
- Friedrich Albert Lange, (1828-1875)CRS
- Susanne Langer, (1895-1985)O1R
- Ferdinand Lassalle, (1825-1864)R
- Peter Lavrovitch Lavrov, (1823-1900)R
- Moritz Lazarus, (1824-1903)
- Edouard Louis Emmanuel Julien Le Roy, (1870-1954)R
- Vladimir Lenin, (1870-1924)CO12R
- Konstantin Nikolaevich Leont'ev, (1831-1891)R
- Jules Lequier, (1814-1862)C
- Stanisław Leśniewski, (1886-1939)CO12R
- Lucien Lévy-Bruhl, (1857-1939)O12
- George Henry Lewes, (1817-1878)
- Kurt Lewin, (1890-1947)C
- Clarence Irving Lewis, (1883-1964)CO12RS*
- C. S. Lewis, (1898-1963)CR
- John Lewis, (1889-1976)
- Liang Qichao (or Liang Ch'i-ch'ao), (1873-1929)C
- Liang Sou-ming, (1893-1988)C
- Karol Libelt, (1807-1875)
- Israel Lipkin, (1810-1883)S*
- Émile Littré, (1801-1881)
- Liu Shaoqi (orLiu Shao-ch'i), (1898-1969)C
- Karl Nickerson Llywelyn, (1893-1962)R
- Alain LeRoy Locke, (1886-1954)
- Alfred Loisy, (1857-1940)R
- Jakob Lorber, (1800-1864)
- Aleksei Fedorovich Losev, (1893-1988)R
- Nicholas Onufrievich Lossky, (1870-1965)R
- Rudolf Hermann Lotze, (1817-1881)CO12RS
- Arthur O. Lovejoy, (1873-1962)O12
- Georg Lukács, (1885-1971)CO12R
- Jan Łukasiewicz, (1878-1956)CO12R
- Rosa Luxemburg, (1871-1919)R
[edit] M
- Ernst Mach, (1838-1916)CO12R
- John Macmurray, (1891-1976)O2
- Philipp Mainländer, (1841-1876)
- Ernst Mally, (1879-1944)S
- Karl Mannheim, (1893-1947)CO12
- Henry Longueville Mansel, (1820-1871)C
- Mao Zedong (or Mao Tse-tung), (1893-1976)C
- Gabriel Marcel, (1887-1973)CO12RS
- Herbert Marcuse, (1898-1979)CO12R
- Jacques Maritain, (1882-1973)CO12RS
- Harriet Martineau, (1802-1876)R
- James Martineau, (1805-1900)CO12
- Karl Marx, (1818-1883)CO12RS
- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1850-1937)O12R
- Fritz Mauthner, (1849-1923)R
- James Clerk Maxwell, (1831-1879)C12R
- James McCosh, (1811-1894)C
- William McDougall, (1871-1938)C
- John Ellis McTaggart, (1866-1925)CO12R
- George Herbert Mead, (1863-1931)CO12R
- Georg Mehlis, (born 19th century)
- Friedrich Meinecke, (1862-1954)R
- Alexius Meinong, (1853-1920)CO12RS*
- Gregor Mendel, (1822-1884)C
- Désiré-Joseph Mercier, (1851-1926)C
- Franklin Merrell-Wolff, (1887-1985)
- Emile Meyerson, (1859-1933)O12R
- Carlo Michelstaedter, (1887-1910)
- Nikolai Konstantinovich Mikhailovskii, (1842-1904)R
- Miki Kiyoshi, (1897-1945)R
- John Stuart Mill, (1806-1873)CO12RS
- Ludwig von Mises, (1881-1973)
- William Mitchell, (1861-1962)
- Dimitrije Mitrinovic, (1887-1953)
- W. H. S. Monck (1839-1915)
- Addison Webster Moore, (1866-1930)
- G. E. Moore, (1873-1958)CO12RS
- Gaetano Mosca, (1858-1941)C
- John Henry Muirhead, (1855-1940)
- Max Müller, (1823-1900)
[edit] N
- Nārāyana Guru, (1856-1928)
- Paul Gerhard Natorp, (1854-1924)S
- John Neihardt, (1881-1973)
- Leonard Nelson, (1882-1927)
- Otto Neurath, (1882-1945)O12R
- John Henry Newman, (1801-1890)CR
- H. Richard Niebuhr, (1894-1962)R
- Reinhold Niebuhr, (1892-1971)R
- Friedrich Nietzsche, (1844-1900)CO12RS
- Nishi Amane, (1829-1897)R
- Nishida Kitaro, (1870-1945)O12RS
- Shalva Nutsubidze, (1888-1969)
- Anders Nygren, (1890-1978)R
[edit] O
- Georges Ohsawa, (1893-1966)
- Karl Olivecrona, (1897-1980)R
- John Wood Oman, (1860-1939)R
- José Ortega y Gasset, (1883-1955)CO12R
- Rudolf Otto, (1869-1937)R
- P. D. Ouspensky, (1878-1947)
[edit] P
- Vilfredo Pareto, (1848-1923)
- Giuseppe Peano, (1858-1932)O12
- Benjamin Peirce, (1809-1880)S
- Charles Sanders Peirce, (1839-1914)CO12RS
- Ralph Barton Perry, (1876-1957)CO12
- Leon Petrazycki, (1867-1931)R
- Jean Piaget, (1896-1980)CR
- Max Planck, (1858-1947)O12R
- Georgi Plekhanov, (1856-1918)CO12R
- Konstantin Pobedonostsev, (1827-1907)
- Henri Poincaré, (1854-1912)CO12R
- Michael Polanyi, (1891-1976)R
- Emil Leon Post, (1897-1954)R
- Roscoe Pound, (1870-1964)R
- Karl von Prantl, (1820-1888)
- Henry Habberley Price, (1899-1984)O12
- Harold Arthur Prichard, (1871-1947)CO12R
- Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, (1809-1865)CO12R
[edit] Q
[edit] R
- Gustav Radbruch, (1878-1949)R
- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, (1888-1975)O12R
- Hastings Rashdall, (1858-1924)CO12R
- Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, (1813-1900)R
- Paul Rée, (1849-1901)O12
- Wilhelm Reich, (1897-1957)O12
- Hans Reichenbach, (1891-1953)CO12R
- Adolf Reinach, (1883-1917)R
- Karl Renner, (1870-1950)R
- Charles Bernard Renouvier, (1815-1903)CO12R
- I. A. Richards, (1893-1979)
- Heinrich Rickert, (1863-1936)S*
- Bernhard Riemann, (1826-1866)
- George Croom Robertson, (1842-1892)
- Erwin Rohde, (1845-1898)
- Francisco Romero (1891-1962)O12
- Johann Karl Friedrich Rosenkranz, (1805-1879)
- Franz Rosenzweig, (1886-1929)CO12R
- Alf Niels Christian Ross, (1899-1979)R
- William David Ross, (1877-1971)CO12R
- Josiah Royce, (1865-1916)CO12RS
- Vasily Rozanov, (1856-1919)R
- Arnold Ruge, (1802-1880)R
- Bertrand Russell, (1872-1970)CO12RS
[edit] S
- Émile Saisset, (1814-1863)
- George Santayana, (1863-1952)CO12RS
- Ferdinand de Saussure, (1857-1913)CR
- Max Scheler, (1874-1928)CO12R
- Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller, (1864-1937)R
- Moritz Schlick, (1882-1936)O12R
- Carl Schmitt, (1888-1985)R
- Erwin Schrödinger, (1887-1961)C
- Joseph Schumpeter, (1883-1950)R
- Alfred Schütz, (1899-1959)O12RS
- Albert Schweizer, (1875-1965)
- Charles Secretan, (1815-1895)
- Roy Wood Sellars, (1880-1973)O12
- Lev Shestov, (1866-1938)R
- Gustav Gustavovich Shpet, (1879-1937)CR
- Henry Sidgwick, (1838-1900)CO12RS
- Georg Simmel, (1858-1918)CR
- Thoralf Skolem, (1887-1963)C
- Vladimir Solovyov, (1853-1900)CO12R
- Georges Sorel, (1847-1922)CO12R
- William Ritchie Sorley, (1855-1935)
- Othmar Spann, (1878-1950)
- Herbert Spencer, (1820-1903)CO12RS
- Thomas Spencer Baynes, (1823-1887)
- Oswald Spengler, (1880-1936)
- Afrikan Spir, (1837-1890)C
- Lysander Spooner, (1808-1887)
- Henry Stanton, (1805-1887)
- Olaf Stapledon, (1886-1950)
- L. Susan Stebbing, (1885-1943)
- Edith Stein, (1891-1942)
- Rudolf Steiner, (1861-1925)CR
- Leslie Stephen, (1832-1904)C
- James Hutchison Stirling, (1820-1909)
- Max Stirner, (1806-1856)CO12RS
- George Frederick Stout, (1860-1944)CO12
- David Friedrich Strauss, (1808-1874)R
- Leo Strauss, (1899-1973)R
- Carl Stumpf, (1848-1936)
- James Sully, (1842-1923)
- Sun Yat-sen, (1866-1925)C
[edit] T
- Debendranath Tagore, (1817-1905)
- Rabindranath Tagore, (1861-1941)O12R
- Hippolyte Taine, (1828-1893)R
- T'an Ssu-t'ung, (1864-1898)C
- Tanabe Hajime, (1885-1962)O12R
- Wladyslaw Tatarkiewicz, (1886-1980)
- Harriet Taylor Mill, (1807-1858)CRS
- Gustav Teichmuller (1837-1888)C
- Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881-1955)CR
- William Temple, (1881-1944)R
- Frederick Robert Tennant, (1866-1957)R
- Henry David Thoreau, (1817-1862)CO12RS
- Paul Tillich, (1886-1965)CR
- Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805-1859)R
- Leo Tolstoy, (1828-1910)R
- Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg, (1802-1872)
- Ernst Troeltsch, (1865-1923)CR
- Leon Trotsky, (1879-1940)O12R
- Benjamin Tucker, (1854-1939)
- Kazimierz Twardowski, (1866-1938)O12R
[edit] U
- Pietro Ubaldi, (1886-1972)
- Hermann Ulrici, (1806-1884)
- Miguel de Unamuno, (1864-1936)CO12R
- Dimitri Uznadze, (1886-1950)
[edit] V
- Hans Vaihinger, (1852-1933)CO12R
- John Veitch, (1829-1894)
- John Venn, (1834-1923)R
- Milan Vidmar, (1885-1962)
- Lev Vygotsky, (1896-1934)O12R
- Boris Petrovich Vysheslavtsev, (1877-1954)R
[edit] W
- Jean Wahl, (1888-1974)
- Friedrich Waismann, (1896-1959)
- Alfred Russel Wallace, (1823-1913)R
- James Ward, (1843-1925)C
- John B. Watson, (1878-1958)O12
- Watsuji Tetsuro, (1889-1960)O12RS
- Max Weber, (1864-1920)CO12RS*
- Otto Weininger, (1880-1903)
- Christian Hermann Weisse, (1801-1866)
- Victoria, Lady Welby, (1837-1912)
- Edvard Westermarck, (1862-1939)C
- Hermann Weyl, (1885-1955)R
- Frantisek Weyr (or Franz Weyr), (1879-1951)R
- Alfred North Whitehead, (1861-1947)CO12RS
- Wilhelm Windelband, (1848-1915)CS*
- Stanislaw Ignacy Witkiewicz, (1885-1939)
- Ludwig Wittgenstein, (1889-1951)CO12RS
- Woo Tsin-hang (or Chih-hui}, (1865-1953)
- Chauncey Wright, (1830-1875)CO12S
- Dorothy Maud Wrinch, (1894-1976)
- Wilhelm Wundt, (1832-1920)CRS*
[edit] X
[edit] Y
[edit] Z
- Peter Wessel Zapffe, (1899-1990)
- Eduard Zeller, (1814-1908)
- Ernst Zermelo, (1871-1953)R
- Zhang Dongsun, (1886-1973)
- Florian Znaniecki, (1882-1958)
- Xavier Zubiri, (1889-1983)
[edit] Notes
- Note C: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press; 1999. ISBN 0-521-63722-8
- Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.
- 1: Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0-19-866132-0
- 2: Oxford University Press; 2005. ISBN 0-19-926479-1
- Note R: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0-415-22364-4
- Note S: - This person is featured in the peer-reviewed online Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Subjects with an asterisk have an article solicited about them, but not yet published at the encyclopedia (as of 2-22-2006).