Log wind profile
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The Log wind profile is a mathematical relationship used to approximate the general logarithmic profile of wind speeds as they increase with increasing distance from the ground. The relationship is well described in the planetary boundary layer literature [1].
The logarithmic profile of wind speeds is generally limited to the lowest 2000 meters of the atmosphere (i.e., the friction layer, or boundary layer of the atmosphere). In the free atmosphere, geostrophic wind relationships should be used. Log wind profiles are generated and used in a good many atmospheric pollution dispersion models.[2]
The equation to estimate the wind speed (uz) at height z (meters) above the ground is:
uz = u*/κ ln((z-d)/z0)+ φ(z,z0,L), z >= h
where u* is the friction (or shear) velocity (m s-1), κ is von Karman's constant (~0.41), d is the zero plane displacement, z0 is the surface roughness (in meters), and φ is a stability term where L is the Monin-Obukhov stability parameter. Under neutral stability conditions, z/L = 0 and φ drops out.
Zero-plane displacement (d) is the height in meters above the ground at which zero wind speed is achieved as a result of flow obstacles such as trees or buildings. It is generally approximated as 2/3 of the average height (h) of the obstacles. For example, if estimating winds over a forest canopy of height h = 30 m, the zero-plane displacement would be d = 20 m.
Roughness length (z0) is a corrective measure to account for the effect of the roughness of a surface on wind flow, and is between 1/10 and 1/30 of the average height of the roughness elements on the ground. Over smooth, open water, expect a value around 0.0002 m, while over flat, open grassland z0 ≈ 0.03 m, cropland ≈ 0.1-0.25 m, and brush or forest ≈ 0.5-1.0 m (values above 1 m are rare and indicate excessively rough terrain).
The log wind profile is generally considered to be a more reliable estimator than the Wind profile power law, which is commonly used when neutral conditions are assumed and roughness information is not available.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Oke, T.R. (1987). Boundary Layer Climates. Methuen.
- ^ Beychok, Milton R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion, 4th Edition, author-published. ISBN 0-9644588-0-2.
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