Louis McLane

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Louis McLane
U.S. Secretary of State
May 29, 1833 – June 30, 1834
Preceded by	Edward Livingston
Succeeded by	John Forsyth
U. S. Secretary of the Treasury
August 8, 1831 – May 29, 1833
Preceded by	Samuel D. Ingham
Succeeded by	William J. Duane
U. S. Senator from Delaware
March 4, 1827 – April 16, 1829
Preceded by	Thomas Clayton
Succeeded by	Arnold Naudain
U. S. Representative from Delaware
March 4, 1817 – March 3, 1827
Preceded by	Thomas Clayton
Succeeded by	Kensey Johns, Jr.
Born	May 28, 1786 Smyrna, Delaware
Died	October 07, 1857 (aged 71) Baltimore, Maryland
Residence	Wilmington, Delaware Baltimore, Maryland
Political party	Federalist, Democratic
Spouse	Catherine Milligan
Profession	lawyer
Religion	Episcopalian

Louis McLane (May 28, 1786 – October 7, 1857) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware, and Baltimore, Maryland. He was a veteran of the War of 1812 and a member of the Federalist Party and later the Democratic Party. He served as the U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, U.S. Secretary of State, and President of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Contents 1 Early life and family 2 United States House of Representatives 3 United States Senate 4 Minister to the United Kingdom 5 U.S. Secretary of the Treasury 6 U.S. Secretary of State 7 Managing internal improvements 8 The Oregon Cession 9 Maryland 10 Death and legacy 11 Public service summary 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Images 14 External links 14.1 Places with more information

[edit] Early life and family

Named for the King of France, McLane was born May 28, 1786 in Smyrna, Delaware, son of Allen and Rebecca Wells McLane. Allen McLane was a veteran of the American Revolution and long time tax collector for the port of Wilmington. He was well-known and a fervently loyal Federalist. As such he received the strong backing of James A. Bayard, who managed to see that the elder McLane was able to keep his lucrative position in spite of the accession of Thomas Jefferson to the Presidency in 1801. In fact, he held the office until the administration of Andrew Jackson. Much of his income came from the seizure of contraband and Louis McLane inherited much of this wealth, along with legal issues that lasted well beyond the death of his father.

Louis McLane attended private schools and served as a midshipman on the USS Philadelphia for one year before he was 18. He then attended Newark College, later the University of Delaware, and studied law under James A. Bayard. Admitted to the bar in 1807, he began a practice in Wilmington, Delaware. He married Catherine Mary Milligan in 1812, and they had 13 children, including Robert, later the Governor of Maryland.

During the War of 1812 McLane joined the Wilmington Artillery Company, formed for the purpose of defending Wilmington. When Baltimore was threatened, they marched to its defense, but were sent back due to lack of provisions for them in Baltimore. Ultimately, they saw no action, and McLane left the unit as a 1st Lieutenant.

[edit] United States House of Representatives

Following the War of 1812, Delaware was unique in continuing to have a viable Federalist Party. Never tainted by the secessionist activities of the New England Federalists, and adaptive enough to institute modern electioneering practices, they held the loyalty of the majority Anglican/Methodist downstate population against the seemingly more radical Presbyterians and Irish immigrants in New Castle County. They remained the dominant political force in the state well into the 1820’s, when the party finally disappeared, split between an allegiances to Andrew Jackson or to John Quincy Adams and the “American system” of Henry Clay and the Whigs. New Castle County manufacturers joined most of the old Federalist Party leadership in making the Whigs the new majority in the state. This included McLane’s mentor, James A. Bayard and various members of the Clayton family, especially Thomas Clayton and John M. Clayton.

Regrettably, McLane was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives by defeating Thomas Clayton for the Federalist nomination, as Clayton was politically damaged by having voted for a Congressional pay raise in the previous session. From then on he and his cousin, John M. Clayton, became McLane’s principle political opponents in Delaware. Nevertheless, McLane was elected six times as a Federalist to the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1816 through 1826. McLane had a most distinguished career in the U.S. House, serving five full terms from March 4, 1817 to March 3, 1827. In spite being a Federalist, he was Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and it was only his Federalist affiliation that prevented him from being elected Speaker.

During these sessions the Federalist Party was so small and weak that partisan divisions mattered much less than the personal relationships that developed among the members. McLane quickly became a friend and admirer of William H. Crawford and Martin Van Buren, and at the same time became an opponent of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. These friendships were based more on personality than policy agreement, and were so important that McLane was one of Crawford’s strongest proponents in the Presidential election of 1824. Once Crawford returned to Georgia, McLane and the other Crawford supporters fell into the party of Andrew Jackson. This was all the easier for him given his existing friendship with Martin Van Buren, who became his mentor and advocate.

[edit] United States Senate

McLane moved to the U.S. Senate and served there from March 4, 1827 until April 29, 1829, when he resigned. Leading up to the Presidential election of 1828, he worked very hard in a losing effort to win Delaware for Andrew Jackson. In doing so he completely cut his ties to the Claytons and the dominant political faction in the state. Clearly he would have little hope of reelection to the U.S. Senate or any future in Delaware politics. All his considerable hopes for a prestigious position rested with an appointment from the new president. But the former Federalist from an inconsequential opposition state would have to wait until Jackson met other obligations. Having failed to become a part the initial cabinet, as he had hoped, McLane reluctantly accepted appointment as Minister to England, arranged by his friend Martin Van Buren, now U.S. Secretary of State.

[edit] Minister to the United Kingdom

McLane resigned from the Senate in 1829 to serve as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Kingdom. McLane was instructed to inform the English that his appointment signaled a break from the John Quincy Adams administration, and that issues of dispute under the Adams Administration would no longer be issues in a Jackson administration. His main assignment was to open up trade between the United States and the British West Indies. In this effort he was well received by Lord Aberdeen, the Foreign Secretary, and successfully accomplished his mission. During his tenure, his personal secretary was Washington Irving, who was thereafter a close and loyal family friend.

[edit] U.S. Secretary of the Treasury

Two years later, McLane finally received the appointment he had so longed for. When U.S. President Andrew Jackson decided he needed to purge his Cabinet of supporters of U.S. Senator John Calhoun, the always helpful Martin Van Buren was able to convince the president to appoint McLane to be the Secretary of the Treasury. He returned from England and served from August 8, 1831 to May 28, 1833. The major issues confronting McLane in this new role were the tariffs rates and the status of the Second Bank of the United States.

McLane entered Jackson’s cabinet and immediately assumed a position of leadership. Articulate, persuasive and energetic, he had mastered the issues under debate and was confident he could lead the others in the administration, including the President. Recognizing his difference of opinion with Jackson over the Bank, he sought to work out a plan with the bank president, Nicholas Biddle, to provide for the upcoming renewal of the bank’s charter in return for the accomplishment of a key objective of the President, the retirement of the national debt. On December 7, 1831 he proposed a sweeping plan to accomplish that and more. Acclaimed for its Hamiltonian creativity, McLane had taken the initiative on the administration’s agenda, and was acting very much in the role of a Prime Minister. With enough time he was certain Jackson would soften his position and consent to the approach.

Events conspired to frustrate the plan, however. First of all, Attorney General Roger B. Taney sought to convince Jackson that McLane’s plan was really a new packaging of the old Federalist program, and in contradiction with Jackson’s own past positions. At the time Jackson was somewhat flexible on the issue, and McLane wanted to postpone the decision until after the Presidential election of 1832. But Henry Clay decided that renewal of the bank charter was an issue he could use to defeat Jackson and convinced bank president Biddle to press for an immediate re-charter. By itself, this crystallized Jackson’s opposition to re-chartering, which he vetoed when passed by the Congress, and caused him to view his eventual victory in the presidential election as a popular endorsement of his bank policy.

Liking McLane personally, and unwilling to make more controversial Cabinet changes so quickly, Jackson removed the bank issue from McLane’s purview. However, when McLane refused to remove the governments deposits from the Second Bank of the United States Jackson had to replace him with someone that would, and offered McLane the prestigious U. S. Secretary of State instead. As his replacement, Jackson settled on William J. Duane, a man as unwilling as McLane to withdraw the deposits. The appointment was a great embarrassment to Jackson, and many blamed McLane for urging it.

While all this was going on, McLane negotiated what seemed to be a satisfactory tariff bill, but when South Carolina continued to object and triggered the Nullification crises, McLane prepared the important Force Bill of 1833 to provide for the tariff’s enforcement.

[edit] U.S. Secretary of State

By shuffling his cabinet, Jackson hoped to keep the talented McLane in his service, but removed from the obligation to implement Jackson’s planned permanent destruction of the Second Bank of the United States. Appointed U.S. Secretary of State in a recess appointment, McLane served from May 29, 1833 until June 30, 1834. He quickly managed the first major reorganization of the department, by establishing seven new bureaus. He also managed a dispute with France, over what were known as the “Spoliation Claims”. In 1832 France had agreed to reimburse the United States for certain shipping losses incurred during the Napoleonic Wars. However, successive French governments had failed to appropriate the funds required, all the while maintaining their desire to do so. Jackson was impatient to resolve the issue and worked with McLane to develop a hard line policy, confronting the French. Martin Van Buren was now Vice President and felt otherwise. Without consulting McLane, he intervened directly with Jackson and convinced him to give the French more time. McLane was furious with his old mentor for this intervention, and resigned his position, recognizing his apparent lack of authority in a direct area of responsibility. The incident also ended his friendship with Van Buren, and they never spoke again.

[edit] Managing internal improvements

Although he had some inherited wealth from his father, with 13 children McLane always needed to provide additional earned income in his own right. With his managerial talents, resume and connections, he was quickly sought out. The first to find him was the Morris Canal and Banking Company. A New Jersey corporation, largely based in New York City, it operated a canal from Phillipsburg, to Newark, New Jersey, primarily to carry coal from Pennsylvania to New York City. It was also a bank, though, and had a charter that provided banking opportunities. McLane was President for one year, implemented many improvements, and produced one of the few profitable years the company had. But his family was in Wilmington and their second home, “Bohemia,” in Cecil County, Maryland, and New York City was too far away.

Therefore, when an offer to assume the Presidency of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was made, it was quickly accepted. This company operated a railroad between Baltimore and Washington, but its ambition was build a route to the Ohio River, and move commerce from the west through the City of Baltimore. In 1837 the western tracks went only as far as Harpers Ferry, Virginia and McLane’s great accomplishment was seeing to the extension of the “main line” as far as Cumberland, Maryland. This brought the route into proximity with enough coalfields to provide a regular profit. The profits were not substantial, however, and McLane was consumed with financing rearrangements and negotiations with Pennsylvania and Virginia over possible routes west. Ultimately Wheeling, and an all Virginia route was decided upon, but it was left to McLane’s immediate successor to see the goal realized. McLane never seemed to appreciate the value of this work, and ultimately retired on September 13, 1848.

[edit] The Oregon Cession

In spite of his political setbacks, McLane never lost his ambition for high political office. One of his last remaining political friends from his congressional days was James K. Polk, who was now President of the United States. While he dreamed of something much greater, he took a leave of absence from the railroad in 1845 and 1846 to return to England as Minister Plenipotentiary, primarily for the purpose of coordinating negotiations over the Oregon boundary. McLane was remembered fondly from his previous service, and renewed his old friendships. The basis of the settlement was easily established, but the hard line public position of Polk was shaken only by outbreak of the Mexican War. McLane succeeded in keeping the British agreeable to the eventual settlement until the administration came to the same conclusion, even if he risked suggesting the president was posturing when he insisted on “54-40 or Fight.” McLane never received the higher appointment desired, and reluctantly returned to the railroad.

[edit] Maryland

The son of a Scots-Irish adventurer and politician from Delaware, McLane married into the Eastern shore gentry of Maryland, and ever longed for the idyllic plantation life seemingly promised. Acquiring Milligan Hall from his wife’s family gave him a beautiful seat on the Bohemia River that became his favorite home. Called Bohemia, by the McLane’s, it was always their gathering place and favorite retreat. Further, with his adherence to the party of Andrew Jackson and resignation from the United States Senate in 1829, McLane effectively admitted his political career in Delaware was over. So it was only natural for McLane to move his primary residence to Baltimore, when he joined the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. He remained there after his retirement and entered the political life of his new home. Most notably he was an active participant in the Maryland constitutional convention of 1850.

[edit] Death and legacy

McLane died October 7, 1857 in Baltimore, Maryland. He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery. One of his sons, Robert Milligan McLane, became a notable American ambassador and Governor of Maryland.

McLane’s biographer, Professor John A. Monroe, describes him as follows: “the problem was that few people could love Louis McLane…He was intelligent and able, clear-minded and efficient, but to the average man and even to some of his children, he was not lovable. He was almost sinfully ambitious, as his father had encouraged him to be. He was often meanly suspicious, and life had encouraged him to be ever mindful of his welfare and that of the large family dependent on him. He was easily affronted and held grudges almost with glee against those who crossed him. He was immensely persuasive, but in the long run he abandoned in disgust each of the successive scenes of his triumphs. It was to Kitty and the children that he was true, and the children learned to admire but not to love this stern, busy, handsome, sensitive man. ^[1]

[edit] Public service summary

Elections were held the first Tuesday of October. U.S. Representatives were popularly elected for a two year term, and the General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, for a six year term. Both took office the following March 4th.

Public Offices
Office	Type	Location	Elected	Took Office	Left Office	notes
U.S. Representative	Legislature	Washington	1816	March 4, 1817	March 3, 1819	1st at-large
U.S. Representative	Legislature	Washington	1818	March 4, 1819	March 3, 1821	1st at-large
U.S. Representative	Legislature	Washington	1820	March 4, 1821	March 3, 1823	1st at-large
U.S. Representative	Legislature	Washington	1822	March 4, 1823	March 3, 1825	at-large
U.S. Representative	Legislature	Washington	1824	March 4, 1825	March 3, 1827	at-large
U.S. Senator	Legislative	Washington		March 4, 1827	April 16, 1829	class 2
Minister Plenipotentiary	Executive	London		April 18, 1829	June 13, 1831	United Kingdom
U.S. Secretary of the Treasury	Executive	Washington		August 8, 1831	May 28, 1833	resigned
U.S. Secretary of State	Executive	Washington		May 29, 1833	June 30, 1834	resigned
Minister Plenipotentiary	Executive	London		June 16, 1845	August 18, 1846	United Kingdom

U.S. Congressional Service
Dates	Congress	Chamber	Majority	President	Committees	Class/District
1817-1819	15th	House	Republican	James Monroe	Commerce and Manufacturers	1st at-large
1819-1821	16th	House	Republican	James Monroe	Commerce (1st session) Ways and Means (2nd session)	1st at-large
1821-1823	17th	House	Republican	James Monroe	Naval Affairs (1st session) Ways and Means (2nd session)	1st at-large
1823-1825	18th	House	Republican	James Monroe	Ways and Means	at-large
1825-1827	19th	House	National Republican	John Quincy Adams	Ways and Means	at-large
1827-1829	20th	Senate	Democratic	John Quincy Adams	Commerce Finance	class 2

Leadership positions
Preceded by Samuel Smith	Ways and Means Committee (Chairman) March 4, 1823 – March 3, 1827	Succeeded by John Randolph

Election results
Year	Office		Subject	Party	Votes	%		Opponent	Party	Votes	%
1816	U.S. Representative		Louis McLane Caleb Rodney	Federalist	3,580 3,433	24% 23%		Willard Hall Caesar A. Rodney	Democratic-Republican	3,534 3,521	24% 24%
1818	U.S. Representative		Louis McLane Thomas Clayton	Federalist	3,098 2,902	26% 25%		Willard Hall George Read, II	Democratic-Republican	3,007 2,810	25% 24%
1820	U.S. Representative		Louis McLane John Mitchell	Federalist	3,918 3,500	26% 23%		Caesar A. Rodney Willard Hall	Democratic-Republican	4,029 3,525	27% 24%
1822	U.S. Representative		Louis McLane	Federalist	4,110	54%		Arnold Naudain	Democratic-Republican	3,466	46%
1824	U.S. Representative		Louis McLane	Federalist	3,387	52%		Arnold Naudain	Democratic-Republican	3,163	48%
1826	U.S. Representative		Louis McLane	Federalist	4,630	54%		Arnold Naudain	Democratic-Republican	3,931	46%

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Munroe, John A.. Louis McLane, p. 598. 

[edit] References

• Martin, Roger A. (2003). Delawareans in Congress. Middletown, DE: Roger A. Martin. ISBN 0-924117-26-5. 
• Munroe, John A. (1973). Louis McLane. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University. ISBN 0-8135-0757-X. 
• Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609-1888. 2 vols.. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co.. 
• Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware, 3 vols.. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Company. 
• Goldman, Perry M.; James S. Young (1973). United States Congressional Directories 1789-1840.. New York: Columbia University Press. 
• Stuart, Reginald C. (1998). Prologue to Manifest Destiny: Anglo-American Relations in the 1840s.. Canadian Journal of History. 

[edit] Images

• Flavius J. Fisher portrait [1]
• Kelly Thomas engraving [2]

[edit] External links

• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress [3]
• Delaware’s Senators [4]
• Encyclopedia Britannica [5]
• Embassy of the United States [6]
• Essays on President Andrew Jackson and his Administration [7]
• Find a Grave [8]
• Guide to Research Papers [9]
• Hall of the Secretaries of State [10]
• History of Delaware 1609-1888 [11]
• McLane-Fisher Family Papers [12]
• Morris Canal and Banking Company Annual report [13]
• Old Hickory vs. the Monster of Chestnut Street [14]
• Pennsylvania History Book Reviews [15]
• The Political Graveyard [16]
• U.S. Department of the Treasury [17]
• U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means [18]
• U.S. Supreme Court Center [19]

[edit] Places with more information

• Historical Society of Delaware [20] 505 Market St., Wilmington, Delaware (302) 655-7161
• Hagley Museum and Library [21] Barley Mill Road, Wilmington, Delaware (302) 658-2400
• Maryland Historical Society Library [22] 201 West Monument Street Baltimore MD 21201-4674 (410) 685-3750
• University of Delaware Library [23] 181 South College Ave., Newark, Delaware (302) 831-2965

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