M'zab

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**M'Zab Valley**^a
**UNESCO World Heritage Site**

State Party	Algeria
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii, v
Identification	#188
Region^b	Arab States
Inscription History
Formal Inscription:	1982 6th Session
a Name as officially inscribed on the WH List b As classified officially by UNESCO

The M'zab or Mzab, (Tumzabt Aghlan), مزاب, is a region of the northern Sahara, in the Ghardaïa wilaya "province" of Algeria, around 500km south of Algiers.

1 Geology
2 History
3 Architecture
4 Society
5 References
6 See also

[edit] Geology

The Mzab is a limestone plateau, centred around the Wad Mzab (Oued Mzab).

[edit] History

The Mozabites (Imzaben, or "At Mzab") are a branch of the big amazigh tribe Iznaten (Zenata in arabic). This tribe was living in large areas of middle southern Algeria. The first ancestors of the Mozabites who named Msab, lived in Mzab valley during the stone age, and we can see a lot of amazigh letters and symbols from this period sculptured in different places of Mzab valley. After the islamic conquest, the Mozabites became muslims of the Mu'tazili doctrine, and after the fall of the Rostomid state, the Rostomid royal family with some of their citizens chose Mzab valley as their refuge. Because of the Ibadite doctrine of the Rostomids and the Mu'tazili doctrine of Mozabites, the Rostomids sent a preacher named Abu Bakr An Nafusi, to call the Mozabites for the Ibadit doctrine. After years of preaching, most of Mozabites became Ibadites, and the remnants of the Rostomids started immigrating to M'zab, but due to their low numbers they gradually melted into the mozabit community.

France annexed the Mzab in 1882 as part of their North African colonies. Upon Algerian independence in 1962, the territory became part of Algeria.

[edit] Architecture

There are five qsur "walled villages" (ksour) located on rocky outcrops along the Wəd Mzab collectively known as the Pentapolis. They are Ghardaïa Tagherdayt, the principal settlement today; Beni Isguen At Isjen; Melika At Mlishet; Bounoura At Bunur; and El-Ateuf Tajnint. Adding the more recent settlements of Berrian and Guerrara, the Mzab Heptapolis is completed.

The combination of the functional purism of the Ibāḍī faith with the oasian way of life led to a strict organisation of land and space. Each citadel has a fortress-like mosque, whose minaret served as a watchtower. Houses of standard size and type were constructed in concentric circles around the mosque. The architecture of the M'zab settlements was designed for egalitarian communal living, with respect for family privacy.

In the summer, the Mzabites migrated to 'summer citadels' centred around palm grove oases. This is one of the major oasis groups of the Sahara Desert, and is bounded by arid country known as chebka, crossed by dry river beds.

The Mzab Valley was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, as an intact example of traditional human habitat perfectly adapted to the environment.

[edit] Society

The insular nature of the Ibāḍiyya has preserved the area, and Ibāḍī ˤAzzaba continue to dominate the social life of the area. A federal council, Majlis Ammi Said, unites representatives of the seven settlements as well as Ouargla, an ancient town located 200 km South-East of the Mzab valley. This council forms a federative body for religious and social matters. This religious federal council represents an “Islamic government” unique today.

Numerous details of Ibāḍiyya social life are ruled by this Islamic government, such as the weight of gold given as a dowry to a woman (maximum 60 grams) to the length of wedding celebrations (three days). The council makes decisions on details such as dowries, celebrations, dress. It used to impose punishments including exile, and a form of tabriyya "quarantine", where the offender may not interact with his fellow citizens. However, with economic, social and political integration to Algeria, these sanctions are less effective, and tend to have more impact on women.^{[dubious — see talk page]}

The local language of the Mzab is Tumzabt, a branch of the Zenati group of Berber languages.