Madrasah

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Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, ca. 1912

Madrasah (Arabic: مدرسة) is the Arabic word for any type of school, secular or religious (of any religion). It is variously transliterated as madrasah, madrash, medresa, madreseh, madrassa, medrusha, or madressa. In common English usage the word "madrasah" is taken to refer to a Sunni Islamic religious school. [1]

[edit] Definition

The word "madrasah" also exists in many Arabic-influenced languages such as Urdu, Hindi, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Indonesian, Malaysian and Bosnian. In the Arabic language, the word مدرسة implies no sense other than that which the word school represents in the English language, such as private, public or parochial school, as well as for any primary or secondary school whether Muslim, non-Muslim or secular. Unlike the understanding of the word school in British English, the word madrasah refers in American English to a university-level or post-graduate Islamic school. The correct Arabic word for a university, however, is Jami'ah. The Hebrew cognate "midrasha" also connotes the meaning of a place of learning. There are some madrasah-like institutions also in North America and in Europe.

A Madrasah complex in The Gambia

A typical Islamic school (madrasah) usually offers two courses of study: a "hifz" course; that is memorisation of the Qur'an (the person who commits the entire Qur'an to memory is called a hafiz); and an 'alim course leading the candidate to become an accepted scholar in the community. A regular curriculum includes courses in Arabic, Tafsir (Qur'anic interpretation), shari'ah (Islamic law), Hadith (recorded sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad), Mantiq (logic), and Muslim History. Depending on the educational demands, some madrasahs also offer additional advanced courses in Arabic literature, English and other foreign languages, as well as science and world history.

People of all ages attend, and many often move on to becoming imams. The certificate of an 'alim' for example, requires approximately twelve years of study. A good number of the huffaz (plural of hafiz) are the product of the madrasahs. The madrasahs also resemble colleges, where people take evening classes and reside in dormitories. An important function of the madrasahs is to admit orphans and poor children in order to provide them with education and training. Madrassahs may enroll female students; however, they generally study separately from the men. There are examples of all-female madrassahs.

In South Africa, madrasahs play an important role in giving after-school religious instruction to Muslim children who attend government, or private non-religious schools. However, increasing numbers of more affluent Muslim children attend full-fledged private Islamic Schools which combine secular and religious education. Among Muslims of Indian origin, madrasahs also used to provide instruction in Urdu, although this is far less common today than it used to be.

[edit] History

Madrassa Osman ef. Redžović in Visoko, Bosnia was rebuilt shortly after Bosnian war. It is now a modern school with mosque, and has plans for further expansions

Madrasahs did not exist in the early period of Islam. Their formation can probably be traced to the early Islamic custom of meeting in mosques to discuss religious issues. At this early stage, people seeking religious knowledge tended to gather around certain more knowledgable Muslims; these informal teachers later became known as the shaykhs; and these shaykhs began to hold regular religious education sessions called 'majalis'.

Established in 859, Jami'at al-Qarawiyyin (located in Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque) in the city of Fas (Fez), is considered the oldest madrasah in the Muslim world.

During the late Abbasid period, the Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk created the first major official academic institution known in history as the Nizamiyyah, based on the informal majalis (sessions of the shaykhs). Al-Mulk, who would later be murdered by the Assassins (Hashshashin), created a system of state madrasahs (in his time they were called, the Nizamiyyahs, named after him) in various Abbasid cities at the end of the 11th century.

During the rule of the Fatimid^[1] and Mamluk^[2] dynasties and their successor states in the medieval Middle East, many of the ruling elite founded madrasas through a religious endowment known as the waq'f. Not only was the madrasa a potent symbol of status but it was an effective means of transmitting wealth and status to their descendants. Especially during the Mamluk period, when only former slaves could assume power, the sons of the ruling Mamluk elite were unable to inherit. Guaranteed positions within the new madrasas thus allowed them to maintain status. Madrasas built in this period include the Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan in Cairo.

[edit] Madrasahs in South Asia

[edit] Madrasahs in India

In India, there are around 30,000 operating madrasahs.^[3] It is assumed that a majority of these schools follow the Deobandi school of thought. One of the most famous of these is Darul Uloom Deoband (Dar al-'Ulum), located in Deoband, a small town located in the Indian state Uttar Pradesh. In 1986, the Indian government expedited a project to modernize madrasahs by introducing other subjects including science, mathematics, English, and Hindi.^[4] Madrasah education is always provided for free. As a result, the madrasahs often have a multifarious student enrollment, including some Hindus and Christians.^[5]

[edit] Madrasahs in Pakistan

There are more than 10,000 madrasahs currently (as of 1998?) operating in Pakistan.^[6] It is estimated that one to two million children are enrolled in madrasahs.^[7] Some media reports say that only 0.3 percent^{[citation needed]} of Pakistani school age children are enrolled in traditional madrasahs. This is according to Pakistan's 1998 Population Census The World Bank Group. The 1998 Population Census found only 150,000 children.^{[citation needed]} Orphans, migrants, and part-time students may explain the discrepancy. Regardless, percentage wise, the madrasah enrollment is relatively insignificant. There has been considerable intellectual disagreement about the linkages of madrassahs to conflict in Pakistan. A study conducted in 2005 by Saleem Ali for the United States Institute of Peace attempts to clarify some of these concerns by providing a detailed empirical comparison of rural and urban madrassahs (currently this study is being updpated and expanded as a book (expected to be completed in 2007), though an earlier draft is available online ^[8]. The project also included a web video on such schools titled Children of Faith.^[9]

[edit] Criticism

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Due to administrative mishandling, radical political indoctrination of students and adopting a more conservative view of the simple teachings of Islam, especially in certain Muslim countries such as Pakistan, madrasahs nowadays are frequently deemed as ideological and political training grounds for hatred against the West.^{[citation needed]} In Pakistan in particular, the heavy emphasis on religious teachings to the exclusion of more economically viable subject areas has been criticized. It is important to remember that while these political and ideological biases exist on a school-by-school basis, the word madrasah literally means "school" and does not imply a political affiliation.

There are also many allegations and documented cases of physical abuse in madrasahs, especially in the UK, such as corporal punishment, beatings and other such practices ^[10]; such criticisms are usually limited to western countries, as practices such as these are an established pedagogic norm in many nations like Pakistan, Bangladesh or Nigeria.

[edit] References

1. ^ Jonathan Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), passim
2. ^ Ira Lapidus, Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), passim
3. ^ The Boston Globe: Indian madrasahs
4. ^ Reforming the Indian Madrassas: Contemporary Muslim Voices
5. ^ BBC News: Narapatipara High Madrassa
6. ^ FrontPage Magazine: Can Pakistan Reform?
7. ^ FrontPage Magazine: Can Pakistan Reform?
8. ^ Pakistani Madrassahs: A Balanced View
9. ^ Children of Faith Video by Dr. Saleem Ali, Ph.D.
10. ^ The Muslim Parliament of Great Britain: Novice imams must be vetted, Muslim leaders say

[edit] See also

• Hawza - used in Shi'a Islam
• Darul Uloom - another similar type of Islamic school
• Dars-e Nizamiyyah - most common Madrasah curriculum
• Fiqh - main subject of Madrasah schooling
• Shari'ah - main subject of Madrasah schooling
• Islamic architecture
• Mutawin
• Alim - Islamic scholar, usually a graduate of a madrasah or darul uloom
• Taliban (Former Madrasah students)
• Yeshiva - Jewish religious schooling.
• Seminary - Christian religious schooling

[edit] External links

• Wiktionary definition of the word "madrasah" [2]
• Meaning of the word madrassah: [3]
• Madrassahs in Pakistan (A project of the United States Institute of Peace): [4]
• A traditional Afghan madrassa: Islam Way Online - Your Religion and Spirituality Portal

• About Islamic Religious Schools: Madrasas.info

• A discussion on the Mamluk-era madrasa of Khawand Baraka, from The Women Writers Archive

• Alexander Evans, Understanding Madrasahs, Foreign Affairs, Jan/Feb 2006: [5]
• Holy War 101 (Newsweek) and commentary by R. Spencer
• Tariq Rahman, Denizens of Alien Worlds (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2004. Reprinted 2006), Chapter on 'Madrassas'.
• Islamic Seminaries (Madrassas) in Pakistan, Wikipedia entry,
• Lessons from God The Common Language Project
• "Madaris in Perspective", Waleed Ziad, The News, Pakistan