Marie Caroline of Austria
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Maria Carolina of Austria (German: Maria Karolina von Österreich; Italian: Maria Carolina d'Austria; 13 August 1752 – 8 September 1814), born Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria (German: Erzherzogin Maria Karolina von Österreich), and later becoming Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples and the Two Sicilies (Italian: Maria Carolina, Reine di Napoli e delle Due Sicilie) was queen consort and de facto ruler of Naples from 1768 to 1799 and from 1799 to 1806, and of Sicily from 1768 until her death in 1814, though she had lost the de facto power in 1812. She was born an Austrian Archduchess and was a sister of Marie Antoinette.
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[edit] Early life and marriage
| Styles of Queen Maria Carolina as consort |
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| Reference style | Her Majesty |
| Spoken style | Your Majesty |
| Alternative style | Ma'am |
Archduchess Maria Carolina Ludovica Josepha Johanna Antonia of Austria, Princess Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, Princess of Tuscany was born in 1752, the daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.
On 12 May 1768, she married the young Ferdinand IV of Naples who was also Ferdinand III of Sicily. Ferdinand was intelligent but very indolent, and Maria Carolina took advantage of that to assume control of the affairs of the kingdom. On 14 August 1777, when she gave birth to a male heir, Francis, she became a Counsellor of State, and she took advantage of this position of political influence. She inherited much of her mother's intelligence, but was also ambitious and cruel, wanting to raise the kingdom to a position of power. Maria Carolina eventually established a tyrannical reign through her husband's power.
Like her sister, Marie Antoinette, her daughter, Maria Amalia became queen consort of France. Another of her daughters, Maria Teresa, became the wife of the Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor. Later, the eldest daughter of Maria Teresa, Marie Louise, became the second wife of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French.
[edit] The First Coalition
During the French Revolution, the queen actually sympathized with the French rebels until the French monarchy was abolished on 21 September 1792. She further turned against the rebels with the execution of first her brother-in-law Louis XVI of France (21 January 1793) and then her own younger sister Marie Antoinette (16 October, 1793).
The Queen and her husband were horrified, and Maria Carolina used her uxorious husband to bring the Neopolitan and Sicilian armies into the First Coalition against France. Peace was made in 1796.
[edit] The Parthenopaean Republic
Early in 1799, Naples had its own (albeit short-lived) revolution, which replaced the Kingdom of Naples with the Parthenopaean Republic. In June, restoration forces commanded by Cardinal Ruffo destroyed the republic, returning the royal family to control. Before entry of the British fleet, allied to the court and commanded by Lord Nelson into the Bay of Naples, a capitulation treaty had been signed by Ruffo giving many republicans safe-passage to France. The king and queen, intent on crushing the republican spirit and showing no mercy to the rebels, worked through Lady Hamilton, wife of the British Ambassador and mistress of Lord Nelson, to dupe the republicans into putting themselves into a position in which they could be captured. Several thousand of them were summarily judged and hanged.
[edit] Deposition and death
In 1806, her husband was deposed as King of Naples (thus deposing her as de facto ruler) by Napoleon Bonaparte. However, Maria Carolina retained her status and power in Sicily until 1812, when her husband essentially (but not officially) abdicated, appointing his son Francis regent, which deprived the queen of her influence, and Maria Carolina was exiled to her homeland Austria, where she died in 1814. After her death, her husband became subservient to the will of Austria with his top advisor Maria Carolina gone.
| Preceded by Maria Amalia of Saxony |
Queen Consort of Sicily 12 May 1768- 8 September 1814 |
Succeeded by Lucia Migliaccio of Floridia (Royal consort) |
| Queen Consort of Naples 12 May 1768-23 January 1799 |
Succeeded by Parthenopaean Republic |
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| Preceded by Parthenopaean Republic |
Queen Consort of Naples 13 June 1799-30 March 1806 |
Succeeded by Julie Clary |
