Maurice Blanchot
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Maurice Blanchot (September 27, 1907 – February 20, 2003) was a French writer, philosopher, and literary theorist.
Contents |
[edit] Works
His influence on later post-structuralist theorists such as Jacques Derrida is difficult to overstate. It would be wrong to speak of Blanchot's work in terms of a coherent, all-encompassing 'theory', since it is a work founded on paradox and impossibility. If there is a thread running through all his writing, it is the constant engagement with the 'question of literature', a simultaneous enactment and interrogation of the profoundly strange experience of writing. For Blanchot, 'literature begins at the moment when literature becomes a question' (Literature and the Right to Death).
Blanchot draws on the work of the symbolist poet Stéphane Mallarmé in formulating his conception of literary language as anti-realist and distinct from everyday experience. Literary language, as double negation, demands that we experience the absence masked by the word as absence; it exposes us to the exteriority of language, an experience akin to the impossibility of death. Blanchot engages with Heidegger on the question of the philosopher's death, showing how literature and death are both experienced as anonymous passivity. Unlike Heidegger, Blanchot rejects the possibility of an authentic response to death, because (to put it simply) he rejects the possibility of death, that is to say of the individual's experience of death, and thus rejects, in total, the possibility of understanding and "properly" engaging with it.
Blanchot also draws heavily from Franz Kafka, and his fictional work (like his theoretical work) is shot through and through by an engagement with Kafka's writing.
Blanchot's work was also strongly influenced by his friends Georges Bataille and Emmanuel Levinas. Blanchot's later work in particular is influenced by Levinasian ethics and the question of responsibility to the Other. On the other hand, Blanchot's own literary works, like the famous Thomas the Obscure, heavily influenced Levinas' and Bataille's ideas about the possibility that our vision of reality is blurred because of the use of words (thus making everything you perceive automatically as abstract as words are). This search for the 'real' reality is illustrated by the works of Paul Celan and Stéphane Mallarmé.
His best-known fictional works are Thomas the Obscure, an unsettlingly abstract novel about the experience of reading and loss; Death Sentence; Aminadab and The Most High about a bureaucrat in a totalitarian state. His central theoretical works are "Literature and the Right to Death" (in The Work of Fire and The Gaze of Orpheus), The Space of Literature, The Infinite Conversation, and The Writing of Disaster.
It is difficult yet imperative to note the particular experience of reading Blanchot: his grip on the reader and his ability to mix anguish, philosophical thought, an imagination of death, and a narrative where everything seems to almost happen is often particularly discomforting.
The main intellectual biography of Blanchot is by Christophe Bident: Maurice Blanchot, partenaire invisible.
[edit] Brief biography
[edit] Pre-1945
Little was known until recently about much of Blanchot's life, and he long remained one of the most mysterious figures of contemporary literature.
Blanchot studied philosophy at the University of Strasbourg, where he befriended the Lithuanian-born French phenomenologist, Emmanuel Levinas. Afterward, he embarked on an extensive and dedicated career as a far-right political journalist in Paris. He was a leading far-right intellectual in France until the early 1940s. Blanchot wrote extensively for nationalistic, non-conformist, and anti-semitic pro-fascist journals such as Le Rempart, Combat, L'Insurge, and Reaction, and became an intellectual leader of the 'Jeune Droite' (Young Right) which argued for a distinctively French form of fascism. Blanchot did write texts in 1932 objecting very harshly to anti-semitism, but this was to distinguish a more subtle French anti-capitalist anti-semitism (since attacks on 'capitalism', used as a cover for attacking Jewish business, would not contravene the Marchandeau Law on religious hatred) from what the French far-right saw as the 'cruder' race-based Nazi version of anti-semitism. His most notorious article for Combat was titled "Terrorism as a Method of Public Safety" (June 1936) in which he attacks an alleged Jewish-Communist conspiracy and talked on the consequent need for... "a series of bloody shocks, a storm that will overwhelm ... terrorism appears to us as a method of public salvation".
During the occupation of Paris, Blanchot worked in Paris. Contrary to myth, he continued to write and publish until late 1942; for the staunchly Petainist Journal des debates, writing political allegories and reviews. In these reviews he laid the foundations for later French poststructuralist thinking, by examining the ambigious rhetorical nature of language, and the problematic nature of literary truth. He refused the editorship of the collaborationist Nouvelle Revue Française, which Andre Gide had offered him, in favour of a commission from the Vichy government to edit the journal of the new Jeune France - the national cultural organisation of the Ministry of Youth - that was aimed at presenting the case for a fascist-oriented cultural revolution in France. Nevertheless he was a staunch opponent of Robert Brasillach, who was the principal leader of the youth-oriented pro-Nazi cultural movement.
The historian Jean-Louis Loubet del Bayle mentions Blanchot's associations with collaborators with the Vichy regime(Les Non-Conformistes des annes trentes, 2001). Only in 1982 did scholars first begin to uncover evidence of his pre-1945 right wing activities.
Despite his tendency to maintain distance from avant-garde groups and movements, Blanchot, partially through his correspondence with René Char, who was in the Resistance, skirted the perimeters of late Surrealism in Paris. In December 1940, he met Georges Bataille, who had written some strong anti-fascist articles in the thirties, and who would remain a close friend until his death in 1962.
In June 1944, Blanchot, together with much of his family, was almost executed at the whim of a Nazi captain and his men (this is recounted in his text The Instant of My Death). However, despite post-war claims that he was part of the resistance during the Nazi occupation, no recent biographer has found any evidence of such involvement, despite detailed searches and interviews.
Blanchot's haunting 1949 novel Le Tres-Haut can be read as a kind of intellectual autobiography. Its narrator, Henri Sorge (whose last name, Levinas suggested, is based on the Heideggerean concept of "care") comes to realize that something that looks like fascism violently mistakes the relation of law to outlaw that is Blanchot's central concern. The novel certainly rebukes Heidegger -- in part for the consonance of his thinking with fascism -- and offers a highly Levinasian alternative, much as Levinas had done contemporaneously in philosophy. An earlier novel from 1942, Aminadab, might make the same point; and it should be noted that Levinas had a brother named Aminadab and that Blanchot protected Levinas's wife and daughter -- at very serious risk -- during the war.
[edit] Post-1945
After the war Blanchot renounced politics and he began working only as a novelist and literary critic. For a while after the war, he frequented the same circle as Marguerite Duras and Robert Antelme, both of whom had been in the Resistance. In 1947, Blanchot left Paris for the secluded village of Éze in the south of France, where he spent the next decade of his life. Like Sartre and other French intellectuals of the era, Blanchot avoided the academy as a means of livelihood, instead relying on his pen. Importantly, from 1953 to 1968, he published regularly in Nouvelle Revue Française. At the same time, he began a lifestyle of almost complete isolation, often not seeing close friends (like Levinas) for years, while continuing to write lengthy letters to them. Part of the reason for his self-imposed isolation (and only, part of it, his isolation was closely connected to his writing and is often featured among his characters) was the fact that, for most of his life, Blanchot was often very sick from any of a series of ailments.
Blanchot's political activities after the war shifted to the left (he later, on being exposed after 40 years of silence, wrote repeatedly and with much regret about his early, fascist political writings). He is widely credited with being one of three authors of the important "Manifesto of the 121", named out of its signatories which included Jean-Paul Sartre, Robert Antelme, Alain Robbe-Grillet, Marguerite Duras, René Char, Henri Lefebvre, Alain Resnais, Simone Signoret, and others, rejected de Gaulle's imposition of the continuing war on Algeria and the government's demand of service to the nation through participation in the war. The manifesto was crucial to the intellectual response to the war.
In May 1968, Blanchot once again came out of personal obscurity, in favor of the student protests. His sole public appearance since the war was in support of the young Left during the events of May 1968. Yet for fifty years he remained a consistent champion of modern literature and its tradition in French letters. During the later years of his life, he repeatedly wrote against the intellectual attraction to fascism, and notably against Heidegger's post-war silence over the Holocaust.
Blanchot authored over the course of his career more than thirty works of fiction, literary criticism, and philosophy. Toward the 1970s, he worked continually to break the barriers between these (generally perceived as) different "genres" or "inclinations" of his writing, and much of his later work moves freely between narration and philosophical investigation.
In 1983, Blanchot published La Communauté inavouable (The Unavowable Community) in response to, and as a critical engagement with, The Inoperative Community, Jean-Luc Nancy's attempt to approach community in a non-religious, non-utilitarian and un-political exegesis.
He died on February 20, 2003 in Yvelines.
[edit] Principal works
Principally Fiction or Narrations (récits):
- Thomas l'Obscur, 1941 (Thomas the Obscure)
- L'Arrêt de mort, 1948 (Death Sentence)
- Le Très-Haut, 1949 (The Most High)
- Le Pas au-delà, 1973 (The Step Not Beyond)
- L'Instant de ma mort, 1994(?) (The Instant of My Death)
Principally Theoretical or Philosophical Works:
- La Part du feu, 1949 (The Work of Fire)
- L'Espace littéraire, 1955 (The Space of Literature - main theoretical work)
- L'Entretien infini, 1969 (The Infinite Conversation)
- L'Ecriture du désastre, 1980 (The Writing of the Disaster)
- Le Livre à venir, 1959 (The Book to Come)
- Une voix venue d'ailleurs, 2002 (A Voice from Elsewhere)
Many of Blanchot's translators into English have established their own reputations as prose stylists and poets in their own right; some of the better known include Lydia Davis, Paul Auster, and Pierre Joris.
[edit] Further reading
- Michael Holland (ed.), The Blanchot Reader (Blackwell, 1995)
- George Quasha (ed.), The Station Hill Blanchot Reader (Station Hill, 1998)
- Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot: The Thought from Outside (Zone, 1989)
- Jacques Derrida, Demeure: Fiction and Testimony (Stanford, 2000)
- Emmanuel Levinas, On Maurice Blanchot in Proper Names (Stanford, 1996)
- Leslie Hill, Blanchot (Routledge, 1997)
- Gerald Bruns, Maurice Blanchot: The Refusal of Philosophy (Johns Hopkins Press, 2001)
- Christophe Bident, Maurice Blanchot, partenaire invisible(Paris: Champ Vallon, 1998) [ISBN 978-2-87673-253-7]
- Richard Wollin. The Seduction of Unreason: the intellectual romance with fascism. (Princeton University Press, 2004)
[edit] External links
- Site Maurice Blanchot et ses contemporains
- Espace Maurice Blanchot
- [1] :Death Sentence (Persian translation by Ahmad Parhizi)
- Timothy Clark: Literary Encyclopedia Entry
- Studio Cleo
- Stephen Mitchelmore: The Absent Voice
- Lars Iyer: The City and the Stars
- Lars Iyer: Our Responsibility: Blanchot's Communism
- Will Large: Blanchot: The Neuter
- Confronting the Disaster
- Beatitude: Blanchot and Death
- ReadySteadyBook's Maurice Blanchot Minisite
- "A Voice from Elsewhere", trans. Charlotte Mandell, SUNY Press 2007
