Max Newman

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Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman (February 7, 1897 – February 22, 1984) was a British mathematician and codebreaker.

Contents 1 Pre-World War II 2 World War II 3 Post-World War II 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Pre-World War II

Max Newman was born Maxwell Neumann in Chelsea, London, England, on 7 February 1897.^[1] His father was Herman Alexander Neumann, originally from the German city of Bromberg (now Bydgoszcz, Poland) who had emigrated with his family to London at the age of 15.^[2] Herman worked as a secretary in a company, and married Sarah Ann Pike, an English schoolteacher, in 1896. The family moved to Dulwich in 1903, and Max attended Goodrich Road school, then City of London School from 1908.^[3] He won a scholarship to study mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1915, and in 1916 gained a first in part I of the Mathematical Tripos.^[1]

His studies were postponed by World War I. His father was interned as an enemy alien after the start of the war in 1914, and upon his release he returned to Germany. In 1916, Max and Sarah changed their name by deed poll to the anglicised "Newman". For national service, Max taught at Archbishop Holgate's Grammar School in York, worked in the Royal Army Pay Corps, and taught at Chigwell School.^[2] He was called up for military service in February 1918, but claimed conscientious objection due to his beliefs and his father's country of origin, and thereby avoided any direct role in the fighting.^[4]

He resumed his interrupted studies in October 1919, and graduated in 1921 as a wrangler (equivalent to a first) in Part II of the Mathematical Tripos, and gained distinction in Schedule B (the equivalent of Part III).^[2][1]

On 5 November 1923 he was elected a Fellow of St John's.^[3] He worked on the foundations of combinatorial topology, and proposed that a notion of equivalence be defined using only three elementary "moves".^[1] Newman's definition avoided difficulties that had arisen from previous definitions of the concept.^[1] He also published papers on mathematical logic, and solved a special case of Hilbert's fifth problem.^[3]

He was appointed a lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge in 1927,^[1] where his 1935 lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics inspired Alan Turing to embark on his pioneering work on computing machines. In December 1934 he married Lyn Lloyd Irvine, a writer.^[3] They had two sons, Edward (born 1935) and William (born 1939).^[5]

[edit] World War II

Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. The part-Jewish ancestry of the Newman family was of particular concern in the face of Nazi Germany, and Lyn, Edward and William were evacuated to America in July 1940. Max Newman remained at Cambridge, and at first continued research and lecturing.^[6] By spring 1942, he was considering involvement in war work. He made enquiries, and was approached to work for the Government Code & Cypher School at Bletchley Park. He was cautious, concerned to ensure that the work would be sufficiently interesting and useful, and there was also the possibility that his father's German nationality would rule out any involvement in top-secret work.^[7] The potential issues were resolved by the summer, and he agreed to arrive at Bletchley Park on 31 August 1942.^[8]

He was assigned to the Research Section and set to work on a German teleprinter cipher known as "Tunny". He joined the "Testery" in October^[9]. He disliked the work and found that it was not suited to his talents.^[1] He persuaded his superiors that codebreaking process could be mechanised, and he was assigned to develop a suitable machine in December 1942.^[10] Construction started in January 1943, and the first prototype was delivered in June 1943.^[11] It was operated in Newman's new section, termed the "Newmanry", was housed initially in Hut 11 and initially staffed by himself, Donald Michie, two engineers, and 16 Wrens.^[12] The Wrens nicknamed the machine the "Heath Robinson", after the cartoonist of the same name who drew humorous drawings of absurd mechanical devices.^[12]

The section eventually housed several Colossus computers designed by Tommy Flowers.

[edit] Post-World War II

Newman was appointed head of the mathematics department at the (Victoria) University of Manchester, England, in 1945 and transformed it into a center of international renown, retiring in 1964 to live in Comberton, near Cambridge. After Lyn's death in 1973 he married Margaret Penrose, widow of Lionel Penrose.

Newman wrote Elements of the topology of plane sets of points, a definitive work on general topology. He also made major contributions to combinatorial topology. He died in Cambridge.

Honours:

• Fellow of the Royal Society, Elected 1939
• Royal Society Sylvester Medal, Awarded 1958
• London Mathematical Society, President 1949 - 1951
• LMS De Morgan Medal, Awarded 1962

The Newman Building, a mathematics building at the University of Manchester, is named after him.

[edit] See also

• Newman's lemma

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• O'Connor, John J., and Edmund F. Robertson. "Max Newman". MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
• The Papers of Max Newman, St John's College Library

Preceded by Louis Mordell

Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics

Succeeded by Frank Adams