Natural theology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Part of a series on |
| God |
|
General approaches |
|
Various issues |
|
Specific conceptions |
|
General practices |
Natural theology is the attempt to find evidence of a God or intelligent designer without recourse to any special or supposedly supernatural revelation. The expression 'natural theology' (theologia naturalis) seems to have been first used by Augustine of Hippo with reference to the deepest theological insights of the classical philosophers. Natural theology (or natural religion) is theology based on reason and ordinary experience. Thus it is distinguished from revealed theology (or revealed religion) which is based on scripture and religious experiences of various kinds; and also from transcendental theology, theology from a priori reasoning (see Immanuel Kant et alia).
Natural theology was originally part of philosophy and theology, and theologians still study it; but most of its content also forms part of the philosophy of religion.
Contents |
[edit] Key proponents
St. Augustine of Hippo seems to be the first to use natural theology in 5th Century Rome.
From the 8th century, the Mutazilite school of Islam, compelled to defend their principles against the orthodox Islam of their day, looked for support in philosophy, and are one of the first to pursue a rational theology, called Ilm-al-Kalam (scholastic theology).
English bishop Thomas Barlow wrote Execreitationes aliquot metaphysicae de Deo (1637) and spoke often of natural theology during the reign of Charles II.
John Ray (1627-1705) also known as John Wray, was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. He published important works on plants, animals, and natural theology.
William Derham (1657-1735), was a friend and disciple of John Ray. He continued Ray's tradition of natural theology in two of his own works, The Physico-Theology, published in 1713, and the Astro-Theology, 1714. These would later help influence the work of William Paley (see below).
Thomas Aquinas is the most famous classical proponent of this approach. A later form of natural theology known as deism rejected scripture and prophecy altogether.
In An Essay on the Principle of Population, the first edition published in 1798, Thomas Malthus ended with two chapters on natural theology and population. Malthus - a devout Christian - argued that revelation would "damp the soaring wings of intellect", and thus never let "the difficulties and doubts of parts of the scripture" interfere with his work.
William Paley gave a well-known rendition of the teleological argument for God. In 1802 he published Natural Theology, or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity collected from the Appearances of Nature. In this he described the Watchmaker analogy, for which he is probably best known. Criticisms of arguments like Paley's are found in David Hume's posthumous Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion.
Thomas Paine wrote the definitive book on the natural religion of Deism, The Age of Reason. In it he uses reason to establish a belief in Nature's Designer who man calls God. He also establishes the many instances that Christianity and Judaism require us to give up our God-given reason in order to accept their claims to revelation.
American education reformer and abolitionist, Horace Mann taught political economy, intellectual and moral philosophy, and natural theology.
Professor of chemistry and natural history, Edward Hitchcock also studied and wrote on natural theology. He attempted to unify and reconcile science and religion, focusing on geology. His major work in this area was The Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences (Boston, 1851).
The Gifford Lectures are lectures established by the will of Adam Lord Gifford. They were established to "promote and diffuse the study of Natural Theology in the widest sense of the term— in other words, the knowledge of God." The term natural theology as used by Gifford means theology supported by science and not dependent on the miraculous.
[edit] Bridgewater Treatises
The Earl of Bridgewater commissioned the Bridgewater Treatises:
- The Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Condition of Man, by Thomas Chalmers, D. D.
- The Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man, by John Kidd, M. D.
- Astronomy and General Physics considered with reference to Natural Theology, by William Whewell, D. D.
- The hand, its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as evincing Design, by Sir Charles Bell.
- Animal and Vegetable Physiology considered with reference to Natural Theology, by Peter Mark Roget.
- Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to Natural Theology, by William Buckland, D.D.
- The Habits and Instincts of Animals with reference to Natural Theology, by William Kirby.
- Chemistry, Meteorology, and the Function of Digestion, considered with reference to Natural Theology, by William Prout, M.D.
In response to the claim in Whewell's treatise that "We may thus, with the greatest propriety, deny to the mechanical philosophers and mathematicians of recent times any authority with regard to their views of the administration of the universe", Charles Babbage published what he called Bridgewater Treatise, A Fragment. As his preface states, this volume was not part of that series, but rather his own reflections on the subject. He draws on his own work on calculating engines to consider God as a divine programmer setting complex laws underlying what we think of as miracles, rather than miraculously producing new species on a Creative whim. There was also a fragmentary supplement to this, posthumously published by Thomas Hill.
A notable critic of the Bridgewater Treatises was Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote Criticism (1850)
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- List of works on intelligent design
- IS INTELLIGENT DESIGN A FORM OF NATURAL THEOLOGY? by ID proponent William Dembski
- A Bridgewater Treatise for the 21st Century. Science. (Vol 301, p. 1051, 22 Aug. 2003). A criticism by Robert T. Pennock of philosopher of science Michael Ruse's book Darwin & Design.
- John Bascom Natural Theology (1880)
- Stanley Hauerwas With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural Theology ISBN 1-58743-016-9
[edit] External links
- Site offers an indepth look at the natural religion of Deism
- Apollos.ws A Christian site surveying arguments for the existence of God and responses to common arguments against.
- Catholic Encyclopedia article Bridgewater Treatises
- Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume
- Babbage, Charles The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise 2nd edn. 1838, London: John Murray.
