Neal Hefti
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Neal Hefti (born October 29, 1922 in Hastings, Nebraska) is an American jazz trumpeter, composer, and arranger.
He began arranging professionally in his teens, when he wrote charts for Nat Towles. He became a prominent composer and arranger while playing trumpet for Woody Herman; while working for Herman he provided new arrangements for "Woodchopper's Ball" and "Blowin' Up a Storm," and composed "The Good Earth" and "Wild Root." After leaving Herman's band in 1946, Hefti concentrated on arranging and composing, although he occasionally led his own bands. He is especially known for his charts for Count Basie such as "Li'l Darlin'" and "Cute".
In the 1960s and later he composed and arranged mainly for movies and television. He wrote the background music for movies such as Sex and the Single Girl, How to Murder Your Wife, Synanon, Boeing Boeing, Harlow, Lord Love a Duck, Duel at Diablo, Oh Dad Poor Dad Mama's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad, and Barefoot in the Park.
His best-known contributions of this period are the theme of the TV series such as Batman and The Odd Couple.
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[edit] Beginnings
Neal Paul Hefti was born October 29, 1922 to an impoverished family in Hastings, Nebraska. As a young child, he remembers his family relying on charity during the holidays (Gitler 1985). He started playing the trumpet in school at the age of eleven, and by high school was spending his summer vacations playing in local territory bands to help his family make ends meet.
Growing up in and near a big city like Omaha, Hefti was exposed to some of the great bands and trumpeters of the Southwest territory bands, and he was also able to see some of the virtuoso jazz musicians from New York that came through Omaha on tour. His early influences all came from the North Omaha scene. He said,
We'd see Basie in town, and I was impressed by Harry Edison and Buck Clayton, being a trumpet player. And I would say I was impressed by Dizzy Gillespie when he was with Cab Calloway. I was impressed by those three trumpet players of the people I saw in person... I thought Harry Edison and Dizzy Gillespie were the most unique of the trumpet players I heard. (Gitler 1985)
These experiences seeing Gillespie and Basie play in Omaha foreshadowed his period in New York watching Gillespie play and develop the music of bebop on 52nd Street and his later involvement with Count Basie's band.
In 1939, while still a junior at North High in Omaha, he got his start in the music industry by writing arrangements of vocal ballads for local Mickey Mouse bands, like the Nat Towles band. Harold Johnson recalled that Hefti's first scores for that band were "Swingin' On Lennox Avenue" and "More Than You Know," as well as a very popular arrangement of "Anchors Aweigh" (McCarthy 1974). Some material that he penned in high school was also used by the Earl Hines band.
Two days before his high school graduation ceremony in 1941, he got an offer to go on tour with the Dick Barry band, and traveled with them to New Jersey. He was quickly fired from the band after two gigs because he couldn't sight-read music well enough. Stranded in New Jersey because he didn't have enough money to get home to Nebraska, he finally joined Bob Astor's band. Shelly Manne, drummer with Bob Astor at the time, tells that, even then, Hefti's writing skills were quite impressive:
- We roomed together. And at night we didn't have nothing to do, and we were up at this place -- Budd Lake. He said, "What are we going to do tonight?" I said, "Why don't you write a chart for tomorrow?" Neal was so great that he'd just take out the music paper, no score, [hums] -- trumpet part, [hums] -- trumpet part, [hums] -- trombone part, [hums], and you'd play it the next day. It was the end. Cooking charts. I never forget, I couldn't believe it. I kept watching him. It was fantastic. (Gitler 1985)
Hefti wouldn't focus on arranging seriously for a few more years. As a member of Astor's band, he concentrated on playing trumpet.
After an injury forced him to leave Bob Astor, he stayed a while in New York, playing with Bobby Byrne in late 1942, and then with Charlie Barnet. During this time in New York, he hung around the clubs on 52nd Street, listening to bebop trumpet master Dizzy Gillespie and other musicians, and immersing himself in the new music. Since he didn't have the money to actually go into the clubs, he would sneak into the kitchen and hang out with the bands, and he got to know many of the great beboppers.
He finally left New York for a while to play with the Les Lieber rhumba band in Cuba. When he returned from Cuba in 1943, he joined the Charlie Spivak band, which led him out to California for the first time, to make a band picture. Hefti fell in love with California. After making the picture in Los Angeles, he dropped out of the Spivak band to stay in California.
[edit] First Herd
After playing with Horace Heidt in Los Angeles for a few months in 1944, Hefti met up with Woody Herman who was out in California making a band picture. Hefti then joined Herman's progressive First Herd band as a trumpeter. The Herman band was a different from any band that he had played with before. He referred to it as his first experience with a real jazz band. He said:
I would say that I got into jazz when I got into Woody Herman's band because that band was sorta jazz-oriented. They had records. It was the first band I ever joined where the musicians carried records on the road... Duke Ellington records... Woody Herman discs [and] Charlie Barnet V-Discs... That's the first time I sort of got into jazz. The first time I sort of felt that I was anything remotely connected with jazz. (Gitler 1985)
Even though he had been playing with swing bands and other popular music bands for five years, this was the first time he had been immersed in the music of Duke Ellington, and this was the first music that really felt like jazz to him.
First Herd was one of the first big bands to really embrace bebop. They incorporated the use of many bebop ideas in their music. As part of the ensemble, Hefti was instrumental in this development, drawing from his experiences in New York and his respect for Gillespie, who had his own bebop big band. Chubby Jackson, First Herd's bassist, said
Neal started to write some of his ensembles with some of the figures that come from that early bebop thing. We were really one of the first bands outside of Dizzy's big band that flavored bebop into the big band -- different tonal quality and rhythms, and the drum feeling started changing, and that I think was really the beginning of it...
- I fell in love with it, and I finally got into playing it with the big band because Neal had it down. Neal would write some beautiful things along those patterns. (Gitler 1985)
During these years with Herman's band, as they started to turn more and more towards bop ideas, Hefti started to turn more of his attention and effort to writing, at which he quickly excelled. He composed and arranged some of First Herd's most popular recordings, including two of the band's finest instrumentals: "Wild Root" and "The Good Earth".
He contributed to the band a refinement of bop trumpet style that reflected his experience with Byrne, Barnet, and Spivak, as well as an unusually imaginative mind, essentially restless on the trumpet, but beautifully grounded on manuscript paper. (Ulanov 1972)
He also wrote band favorites such as "Apple Honey," "Blowin' Up a Storm," and a magnificent arrangement of "Happiness is a Thing Called Joe" that featured Frances Wayne on vocals. His first hand experience in New York, hanging around 52nd Street and listening to the great Dizzy Gillespie, became an important resource to the whole band.
His bebop composition work also started to attract outside attention from other composers, including the interest of neo-classicist Igor Stravinsky, who later wrote "Ebony Concerto" for the band.
- What first attracted Stravinsky to Herman was the five trumpet unison on "Caldonia," which mirrored the new music of Gillespie... First it had been [Neal Hefti's] solo on Herman's "Woodchopper's Ball," then it became the property of the whole section, and finally, in this set form, it was made part of [Hefti's] arrangement of "Caldonia." (Gitler 1983)
Hefti's work successfully drew from many sources. As composer, arranger, and as a crucial part of the Herman ensemble, he provided the Herman band with a solid base which led to their popularity and mastery of the big band bebop style.
[edit] Late Forties
While playing with the First Herd, Neal married Herman's vocalist, Frances Wayne. Playing with the band was very enjoyable for Hefti, which made it doubly hard for him to leave when he wanted to pursue arranging and composing full time. Talking about Herman's band, Hefti said,
- The band was a lot of fun. I think there was great rapport between the people in it. And none of us wanted to leave. We were always getting sort of offers from other bands for much more money than we were making with Woody, and it was always like if you left, you were a rat. You were really letting down the team. (Gitler 1985)
The Heftis finally left Woody Herman in late 1946, and Neal began freelance arranging. He wrote charts for Buddy Rich's band, and the ill-fated Billy Butterfield band. He wrote a few arrangements and compositions for the George Auld band, including the outstanding composition "Mo Mo." He joined the short-lived Charlie Ventura band as both sideman and arranger (arranging popular songs such as "How High the Moon"). He also arranged for the best of Harry James's bands in the late Forties.
One of the serendipitous highlights of his work in the late Forties was the recording of his bossa nova song "Repetition" for an album called The Jazz Scene using a big band and string orchestra. What saved this otherwise uncharacteristically bland arrangement was the featuring of Charlie Parker as soloist. Hefti had written the piece with no soloist in mind, but Parker was in the studio while Hefti was recording, heard the arrangement, and asked to be included as soloist. In the liner notes to the album, producer Norman Granz wrote:
- Parker actually plays on top of the original arrangement; that it jells as well as it does is a tribute both to the flexible arrangement of Hefti and the inventive genius of Parker to adapt himself to any musical surrounding. (Granz 1949)
[edit] The Basie years
In 1950, Hefti started arranging for Count Basie and what became known as "The New Testament" band. According to Hefti in a Billboard interview, Basie wanted to develop a stage band that could appear on the Ed Sullivan Show. Although the New Testament band never became a show band in that sense, it was much more of an ensemble band than Basie's previous bands. Hefti's tight, well-crafted arrangements resulted in a new band identity that was maintained for more than twenty years (Dance 1980). In his autobiography, Count Basie recalls their first meeting and the first compositions that Hefti provided the new band:
Neal came by, and we had a talk, and he said he'd just like to put something in the book. Then he came back with "Little Pony" and then "Sure Thing," "Why Not?" and "Fawncy Meeting You," and we ran them down, and that's how we got married. (Basie 1985)
Hefti's compositions and arrangements featured and recorded by this group established the distinctive, tighter, modern sound of the new Basie band. His work was popular with both the band and with audiences. Basie said, "There is something of his on each one of those first albums of that new band. (Basie 1985)"
One of the new Basie band's most popular records was titled "Basie" and subtitled "E=MC²=Count Basie Orchestra+Neal Hefti Arrangements," now commonly referred to as "Atomic Basie," an album featuring eleven songs composed and arranged by Hefti, including the now-standard ballad "Li'l Darlin" and the uptempo "Splanky." Also on the album were "The Kid from Red Bank" featuring a gloriously sparse piano solo that was Basie's hallmark, and other songs that quickly became Basie classics, such as "Flight of the Foo Birds" with Eddie Lockjaw's flying tenor solo, "Fantail" with Frank Wess's soaring alto solo, and the masterpiece ensemble lines of "Teddy the Toad." These pieces are evidence of both Hefti's masterful hand, and the strong ensemble that Count Basie had put together.
During the Fifties, Hefti didn't get as much respect as a musician and band leader as he did as composer and arranger. In a 1955 interview, Miles Davis said "if it weren't for Neal Hefti, the Basie band wouldn't sound as good as it does. But Neal's band can't play those same arrangements nearly as well. (Alkyer 1995)" This disparity is not so much a reflection of Hefti's ability (or lack thereof) as a musician, as it is a reflection of his focus as a writer. In the liner notes to Atomic Basie, Barry Ulanov says
- In a presentation of the Count Basie band notable of its justness, for its attention to all the rich instrumental talent and all the high good taste of this band -- in this presentation, not the least of the achievements is the evenness of the manuscript. Neal Hefti has matched -- figure for figure, note for note-blower -- his talent to the Basie band's, and it comes out, as it should, Basie. (Ulanov 1957)
Much the same way that the influential Duke Ellington matched his scores to the unique abilities of his performers, Hefti was able to take advantage of the same kind of "fine-tuning" to bring out the best of the talents of the Basie band. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that when the same charts are played by a different band, even the composer's own, that the result is not as strong.
As composer, Hefti garnered many accolades. In addition to Ulanov's praise, Hefti won two Grammy awards for his composition work on Atomic Basie including "Li'l Darlin," "Splanky," and "Teddy the Toad." The success of the album had Basie and Hefti in the studio six months later making another album. This second album was also very successful for Basie. Basie recalls:
- That is the one that came out under the title of "Basie Plays Hefti". All the tunes were very musical. That's the way Neal's things were, and those guys in that band always had something to put with whatever you laid in front of them. (Basie 1985)
Hefti's influence on the Basie sound was so successful, his writing for the band so strong, that Basie used his arranging talents even when recording standard jazz tunes with the likes of Frank Sinatra. Basie said,
- So we went on out to Los Angeles and did ten tunes in two four-hour sessions [with Frank Sinatra]. All of those tunes were standards, which I'm pretty sure he had recorded before (and had hits on). But this time they had been arranged by Neal Hefti with our instrumentation and voicing in mind. (Basie 1985)
Again, by matching the individual parts of the arrangements to the unique abilities of Basie's band, Hefti was able to highlight the best of their talents, and make the most of the ensemble.
Overall, Basie was very impressed with Hefti's charts, but was perhaps too proud to admit the extent of his influence:
- I think Neal did a lot of marvelous things for us, because even though what he did was a different thing and not quite the style but sort of a different sound, I think it was quite musical. (Basie 1985)
Hefti's compositions and arrangements for the Basie band were responsible for much of the distinctively modern sound that made the new band so popular. Without Hefti's brilliant influence, the strengths of the new ensemble might have gone underutilized and unappreciated.
[edit] Fifties and sixties
Outside of his groundbreaking work with the new Basie band, Hefti also led a big band of his own during the Fifties. In 1951, one of these bands featured his wife Frances on vocals. They recorded and toured off and on with this and other incarnations of this band throughout the Fifties. Although his own band did not attain the same level of success as the famous bands he arranged for, he did receive a Grammy nomination for his own Jazz Pops album which included recordings of "Li'l Darlin," "Cute," and "Coral Reef."
Later in the Fifties he finally abandoned trumpet playing altogether to concentrate on scoring and conducting. He had steady work conducting big bands, backing singers in the studio during recording sessions, and appearing on the television shows of Arthur Godfrey, Kate Smith and others.
He moved back to his beloved California in the early Sixties. During this time he began working for the Hollywood film industry, and he enjoyed tremendous popular success writing music for film and television. He wrote quite a bit of background and theme music for motion pictures, including the films Sex and the Single Girl, How to Murder Your Wife, Synanon, Boeing Boeing, Lord Love a Duck, Duel at Diablo, Barefoot in the Park, and Harlow, for which he received two Grammy nominations for the song "Girl Talk". While most of his compositions during this period were geared to the demands of the medium and the directors, there were many moments when he was able to infuse his work with echoes of his jazz heritage.
In 1961 Hefti joined with Frank Sinatra on Sinatra's "Swingin' Brass," where Hefti was credited as arranger and conductor of the album's 12 cuts.
He also wrote background and theme music for television shows, including Batman and The Odd Couple. He received three Grammy nominations for his television work and received one award for his Batman television score. His "Batman" title theme, a simple cyclic twelve bar blues-based theme, became a Top 10 single for The Marketts and later for Hefti himself. His theme for "The Odd Couple" movie, was reprised as part of his score for the television series of the early Seventies. He received two Grammy nominations for his work on The Odd Couple television series.
Throughout these years and into the Seventies, Hefti periodically formed big bands either for club, concert or record dates.
[edit] Legacy
Neal Hefti will probably be best remembered for his popular music work for Hollywood during the Sixties. Although most people cannot name the author of the popular "Batman Theme," it is a consistent favorite. However, Hefti should most of all be remembered as one of the most important composers and arrangers of big band bebop era. Although he was a capable trumpet player, playing with the influential First Herd during the Forties, he should be remembered for his arranging and composing. While his tenures with Charlie Spivak, Woody Herman, and Charlie Ventura were crucial in the development of his bebop ear, it was how he used his bop experience as a composer and arranger that made him a pivotal figure in the careers of many bands. His compositions for the Woody Herman band, like "Wild Root" and "The Good Earth" in the Forties and "Li'l Darlin" and "Cute" for the Count Basie band in the Fifties, left an indelible mark on those bands, and those bands left an indelible mark on the field of jazz.
[edit] Grammy nominations
- Nomination for "Jazz Pops" (Li'l Darlin', Cute, Coral Reef) as artist.
- Two awards for "Basie" (Li'l Darlin', Splanky, Teddy the Toad) as composer.
- Three nominations (one award) for the Batman TV score.
- Two nominations for the Harlow movie score (Girl Talk).
- Two nominations for The Odd Couple TV score.
[edit] Compositions
Compositions include Li'l Darlin', Cute, Coral Reef, Plymouth Rock, Buttercup, Two for the Blues, Cherry Point, Oh What a Night for Love, The Kid from Red Bank, Repetition, Splanky, Sunday Morning, Hot Pink, Little Pony, Blowin' up a Storm, Eee Dee, Lake Placid, Why Not?, The Long Night, I'm Shoutin' Again, Jump for Johnny, The Good Earth, Wild Root, Late Date, It's Always Nice to Be with You, Girl Talk, I Must Know, Batman Theme, Uncle Jim, Duet, Fawncy Meeting You, Sure Thing, Falling in Love All Over Again, Softly with Feeling, Time for the Blues, You for Me, Has Anyone Here Seen Basie?, Pensive Miss, Scoot, Sloo Foot, It's Awfully Nice to Be with You, Count Down, A Little Tempo, Please, Pony Tail, Bag-a' Bones, and Teddy the Toad.
[edit] Discography
As Artist
- The Band With Young Ideas
- Concert Miniatures
- Hefti, Hot and Hearty
- Hefti in Gotham City
- Neal Hefti's Singing Instrumentals
- Hollywood Songbook
- Jazz Pops
- Light and Right
- Li'l Darlin'
- Music USA
- Pardon my Doo-Wah
- Presenting Neal Hefti and His Orchestra
- A Salute to the Instruments
As Composer
- Steve Allen Plays Neal Hefti (Steve Allen)
- Basie (Count Basie and His Orchestra)
- Basie Plays Hefti (Count Basie and His Orchestra)
- On My Way and Shoutin' Again (Count Basie and His Orchestra)
- Harry James Plays Neal Hefti (Harry James)
[edit] References
- Frank Alkyer, editor. Downbeat: 60 Years of Jazz. Hal Leonard Corporation, Milwaukee, 1995.
- Count Basie and Albert Murray. Good Morning Blues, the Autobiography of Count Basie. Donald Fine, Inc., New York, 1985.
- Stanley Dance. The World of Count Basie. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1980.
- Ira Gitler. Jazz Masters of the 40s. Da Capo Press, New York, 1983.
- Ira Gitler. Swing to Bop. Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
- Norman Granz. Album Liner Notes for The Jazz Scene. Verve Records, 1949.
- Kinkle, editor. Complete Encyclopedia of Popular Music and Jazz 1900-1950, volume 2. Arlington House Publishers, Westport, Connecticut, 1974.
- Colin Larkin, editor. Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, volume 3. Guinness Publishing, Enfield, England, 1995.
- Albert McCarthy. Big Band Jazz. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1974.
- Barry Ulanov. Album Liner Notes for Atomic Basie. Roulette Jazz, 1957.
- Barry Ulanov. A History of Jazz in America. Da Capo Press, New York, 1972.
