O-yatoi gaikokujin
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The o-yatoi gaikokujin (お雇い外国人 hired foreigners?) were foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government for their specialized knowledge to assist in the modernization of Japan at the end of the Bakufu and during the Meiji Era. The total number is uncertain, but is estimated to have reached more than 3,000 (with thousands more in the private sector).
The goal in hiring the foreign advisors was to obtain transfer of technology. The foreign advisors were highly paid; in 1874, they numbered 520 men, during which time their salaries came to ¥2.272 million, or 33.7 percent of the annual budget. Despite the value they provided in the modernization of Japan, the Japanese government did not consider it welcome for them to settle in Japan permanently, and after training Japanese replacements to take over their places, many found that their contracts (typically for three years) were not renewed, and chose to return to their respective countries.
Some foreign advisors supplemented their activities as government employees, with Christian missionary activities.
The system was officially terminated in 1899 when extraterritoriality came to an end in Japan. Nevertheless similar employment of foreigners persists in Japan, particularly within the national education system and professional baseball. Until 1899, more than 800 hired foreign experts continued to employed by the government, and many others privately.
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[edit] Notable o-yatoi gaikokujin
[edit] Agriculture
[edit] Medical Science
- Erwin von Bälz, physician [1] (in Japanese)
- Leopold Müller
- Johannes Ludwig Janson
- Oskar Kellner, [2] (in Japanese)
- Theodor Eduard Hoffmann
- Ferdinand Adalbert Junker von Langegg
[edit] Law, Administration and Economics
- Gustave Emile Boissonade — Hosei University
- Hermann Roesler, jurist and economist
- Georg Michaelis, jurist
- Ottmar von Mohl, master of ceremonies
- Albert Mosse, jurist
- Ottfried Nippold, jurist
- Heinrich Waentig, economist and jurist
- Ludwig Loenholm, jurist
[edit] Military
- Jules Brunet, French artillery officer.
- Léonce Verny, French constructor of the Yokosuka arsenal.
- Klemens Wilhelm Jakob Meckel
[edit] Natural Science and mathematics
- William Edward Ayrton, physicist (UK)
- Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, American physicist.
- Edward S. Morse, zoologist.
- Charles Otis Whitman, zoologist, successor of Edward S. Morse.
- Heinrich Edmund Naumann, geologist. Arrived in August 1875 at the age of 21. Teaching in the University of Tokyo, he became the first professor of geology in Japan. His achievements include, among others, the first tectonic map of the country. Fossa Magna Museum (in Japanese)
- Curt Netto
- Gottfried Wagener
- Sir James Alfred Ewing, Scottish physicist and engineer who founded Japanese seismology.
- Cargill Gilston Knott, succeeding J.A. Ewing
- Oskar Löw
[edit] Engineering
- Hermann Ende, architect
- Wilhelm Boeckmann, architect
- Thomas James Waters
- Edmund Morel, railway engineer
- Josiah Conder [3] (in Japanese)
- Horace Capron, road construction
- William Brooks, agriculture
- Henry Dyer
- George Arnold Escher
- John Alexander Low Waddell, bridge engineer
- John Milne, geologist
[edit] Art and Music
- Edoardo Chiossone
- Luther Whiting Mason, Western music
- Ernest Fenollosa, educator
- Franz von Eckert, Western music
- Rudolf Dittrich, Western music
[edit] Liberal Arts, Humanities and Education
- Basil Hall Chamberlain, Japanologist and Professor of Japanese, Tokyo Imperial University
- Antonio Fontanesi, painter
- Emil Hausknecht, pedagogue
- Lafcadio Hearn, Japanologist
- Viktor Holtz, educator
- Raphael von Koeber, philosopher and musician
- Vincenzo Ragusa, sculptor
[edit] Missionaries
- William Elliot Griffis (1843–1928), American clergymen, author. Taught in Japan 1870–1874.
- Guido Verbeck
- Horace Wilson, U.S. missionary and teacher credited with introducing baseball to Japan.
[edit] Others
- Captain Francis Brinkley
- Johannis de Rijke
- William S. Clark — Sapporo Agricultural College (Hokkaidō University)
- Edwin Dun — Edwin Dun Memorial House japanese wikipedia Hokkaido Prefecture website
- Charles Edouard Gabriel Leroux
- Thomas Alexander
- Charles Dickinson West
- Henry Walton Grinnell
- William Gowland
[edit] See also
- Anglo-Japanese relations
- Foreign cemeteries in Japan
- Franco-Japanese relations
- German-Japanese relations
- Working Holiday Program
- JET Programme
- Russian people in Japan
[edit] External links
- Dentsu Advertising Museum
- [5] (in Japanese)
