Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station
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The Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, a nuclear power plant located in Wintersburg, Arizona, about 45 miles (80 km) west of central Phoenix, is currently the largest nuclear generation facility in the United States, producing over 30,000 gigawatt hours of electricity annually to serve approximately 4 million people. Arizona Public Service holds the majority ownership of the station and operates the facility. Other owners include Salt River Project, El Paso Electric Co., PNM Resources, Southern California Edison, Public Service Co. of New Mexico, Southern California Public Power Authority, and the Los Angeles Dept. of Water & Power.
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[edit] Description
The facility is on 4,000 acres (16 km²) of land and consists of three Combustion Engineering pressurized water reactors, each with an original capacity of 1,270 megawatts electrical. The plant is a major source of power for Phoenix and Southern California, capable of serving about 4 million people. The plant provides about 35% of the electricity generated in Arizona each year. The plant was fully operational by 1988, taking twelve years to build and costing $5.9 billion, eventually employing about 2,500 people. The plant employs 2,055 full-time on-site workers.
It supplies electricty at 1.33 cents per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, the three-year average production cost was 2.53 cents per kilowatt-hour for electricity generators in the region.
Due to its location in the Arizona desert, Palo Verde is the only nuclear generating facility in the world that is not located adjacent to a large body of water. Instead, it uses treated sewage from several nearby municipalities to meet its cooling water needs, recycling 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m³) of wastewater each year. At the nuclear plant site, the wastewater is further treated and stored in an 80 acre (324,000 m²) reservoir for use in the plant's cooling towers.
The nuclear steam supply for each unit was designed and supplied by Combustion Engineering, designated the System 80 standard design - a predecessor of the newer standard System 80+ design. Each primary system originally supplied 3817 MW of thermal power to the secondary (steam) side of each plant. The design is a so-called 2 x 4, with each of four main reactor coolant pumps circulating more than 111,000 gallons per minute of primary-side water through 2 large steam generators.
The main turbine generators were supplied by General Electric and when installed were the largest in the world, capable of generating 1447 MW of electricity each.
Bechtel Power Corporation was the Architect/Engineer/Constructor for the facility initially under the direction of the Arizona Nuclear Power Project (a joint APS/SRP endeavor), later managed exclusively by Arizona Public Service. Edwin E. Van Brunt was the key APS executive in charge of engineering, construction, and early operations of the plant. William E. Bingham was the Bechtel Chief Engineer for the project.
Unlike most multi-unit nuclear power plants, each unit at Palo Verde is an independent power plant, sharing only a few minor systems. The reactor containment buildings are some of the largest in the world at about 2.6 million cubic feet enclosed. The design incorporates many features to enhance safety by addressing issues identified earlier in the operation of commercial nuclear reactors. The design is also one of the most spacious internally, providing exceptional room for the conduct of operations and maintenance by the operating staff.
The Palo Verde 500 kV switchyard is a key point in the western states power grid, and is used as a reference point in the pricing of electricity across the southwest United States. Many 500 kV power lines from companies like Southern California Edison and San Diego Gas & Electric send power generated at the plant to Los Angeles and San Diego via Path 46, respectively.
The site was granted a construction permit for two additional units in the late 1970's, however these units were cancelled in the mid-1980s for economical risk reasons. Contrary to popular belief, the two additional units would not have been on the same arc as the three existing units - they would have been arranged south of Unit 3 on a north-south axis. As originally conceived they would have used dry cooling towers rather than the forced-draft wet cooling towers used in the existing design.
[edit] Security
Palo Verde was of such strategic importance, due to a variety of its features, that it and Phoenix were documented by the former Soviet Union as target locations in the event of nuclear conflict during the Cold War. In March 2003, National Guard troops were dispatched to protect the site during the launch of the Iraq war amidst fears of a terrorist attack.
The site team and nearby town of Wintersburg remain a key focus of work in regards to homeland security, ranking in importance along with Arizona's major cities, military bases, ports of entry, and tourist sites.
[edit] Safety Concerns
In an Arizona Republic article dated February 22nd, 2007, it was announced that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission had decided to place Palo Verde into Category 4, making it the most monitored nuclear power plant in the United States. The decision was made after the NRC discovered that electrical relays in a diesel generator did not function during tests in July and September of 2006.
The finding came as the "final straw" for the NRC, after Palo Verde has had several citations over safety concerns and violations over the last several years, starting with the finding of a 'dry pipe' in the plants emergency core-cooling system was found in 2004.[1]
[edit] History
Palo Verde's selection was questionable. The land selected was not the primary site, because it was in the middle of nowhere, had no water supply, and put the Phoenix-Metro area into jeopardy because even a minor accident, because of the prevailing easterly winds, would endanger the capital. However, the site did have one major attraction. The owner of the land was a relative of Keith Turley, who recieved almost $2 million for the land. Keith Turley was the president of APS, and a member of the Phoenix 40.
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/0222biz-paloverde22-ON.html Palo Verde on 'most monitored' nuclear plant list
- _The Arizona Project_ ISBN: 0-945165-02-1
