Power over Ethernet
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Power over Ethernet or PoE technology describes a system to transmit electrical power, along with data, to remote devices over standard twisted-pair cable in an Ethernet network. This technology is useful for powering IP telephones, wireless LAN access points, webcams, Ethernet hubs, embedded computers, and other appliances where it would be inconvenient or infeasible to supply power separately. The technology is somewhat comparable to POTS telephones, which also receive power and data (although analog) through the same cable. It works with an unmodified Ethernet cabling infrastructure.
There are several general terms used to describe this feature. The terms Power over Ethernet (PoE), Power over LAN (PoL), and Inline Power are synonymous terms used to describe the powering of attached devices via Ethernet ports.
There are several PoE implementations, including ad-hoc techniques, but supplying power over Ethernet according to the IEEE standard is strongly recommended.
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[edit] IEEE 802.3—Power over Ethernet
[edit] Currently recommended (IEEE 802.3-2005)
Clause 33 of IEEE 802.3-2005 (commonly referred to as IEEE 802.3af) provides 48 volts DC over two out of four available pairs on a Cat. 3/Cat. 5 cable with a maximum current of 400 milliamperes for a maximum load power of 15.4 watts. Only about 12.95 watts are available after counting losses, and most switched power supplies will lose another 10-20% of the available energy. A "phantom" technique is used so that the powered pairs may also carry data. This permits its use not only with 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, which use only two of the four pairs in the cable, but also with 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet), which uses all four pairs for data transmission. This is possible because all versions of Ethernet over twisted pair cable specify differential data transmission over each pair with transformer coupling; the DC supply and load connections can be made to the transformer center-taps at each end. Each pair thus operates in "common mode" as one side of the DC supply, so two pairs are required to complete the circuit. The polarity of the DC supply is unspecified; the powered device must operate with either polarity or pair 45+78 or 12+36 with the use of a bridge rectifier.
The standard describes two types of devices: Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) and Powered Devices (PD). Power Sourcing Equipment provides power to the Powered Devices.
[edit] Powering devices
Two modes, A and B, are available. In mode A, pins 1-2 (pair #2 in TIA-568B wiring) form one side of the 48 volt DC supply, and pins 3-6 (pair #3 in TIA-568B) provide the 48 V return. These are the same two pairs used for data transmission in 10Base-T and 100BASE-TX, allowing the provision of both power and data over only two pairs in such networks.
In mode B, pins 4-5 (pair #1 in both TIA-568A and TIA-568B) form one side of the DC supply and pins 7-8 (pair 4 in TIA-568A and TIA-568B) provide the return; these are the "spare" pairs in 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. Mode B, therefore, requires a 4-pair cable.
The power sourcing equipment (PSE) decides whether power mode A or B is to be used, not the powered device (PD).
The PSE can implement mode A or B or both (but must not supply power in both modes at the same time). A PD indicates that it is standards-compliant by placing a 25 kiloohm resistor between the powered pairs. If the PSE detects a resistance that is too high or too low (including a short circuit), no power is applied. This protects devices that do not support IEEE 802.3af. An optional "power class" feature allows the PD to indicate its power requirements by changing the sense resistance at higher voltages. To stay powered, the PD must continuously use 5-10 mA for at least 60 ms with no less than 400 ms since last use or else it will be unpowered by the PSE.[1]
There are two types of PSEs specified by IEEE802.3-2005: endspans and midspans. Endspans are Ethernet switches that include the Power over Ethernet transmission circuitry. Endspans are commonly called PoE switches. Midspans are power injectors that stand between a regular Ethernet switch and the powered device, injecting power without affecting the data. Endspans are normally used when the switch has to be replaced for other reasons (such as moving from 10/100 to 1 gigabit or adding security protocols), and then it is convenient to add also the PoE capability. Midspans are used when there is no desire to replace and configure a new Ethernet switch, and only PoE needs to be added to the network.
[edit] Stages of powering up a PoE link
| Stage | Action | Volts used |
|---|---|---|
| Detection | Measure whether powered device has the correct signature resistance of 15–33 kΩ | 1.8–10.0 |
| Classification | Measure which power level class the resistor indicates (see below) | 12.5–25.0 |
| Normal operation | Supply power to device | 25.0–60.0 |
[edit] Power levels available
| Class | Usage | Maximum Power Levels at Input of Powered Device (watts) |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | Default | 0.44 to 12.95 |
| 1 | Optional | 0.44 to 3.84 |
| 2 | Optional | 3.84 to 6.49 |
| 3 | Optional | 6.49 to 12.95 |
| 4 | Reserved |
[edit] Under development extension (IEEE 802.3at)
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A future standard, commonly referred to as PoE+, is being developed by the IEEE 802.3at task force, which officially began work in September 2005. The draft standard describes extending the IEEE Power over Ethernet by using all four pairs of standard Ethernet Category 5 cable to provide up to 56 watts of power. The higher power available with this future standard should make self-powered equipment with higher power requirements such as WiMAX transmitters, pan-tilt-zoom cameras, videophones and thin clients possible. The 802.3at Task Force objectives are along the following lines:
- 802.3at should operate on Cat 5 and higher infrastructure, unlike 802.3af, that had take into account the Cat 3 limitations
- 802.3at should follow the power safety rules and limitations pertinent to 802.3af
- A 802.3at PSE must be backwards compatible with 802.3af, being able to power both 802.3af and 802.3at PDs
- 802.3at should provide the maximum power to PDs as allowed within practical limits, at least 30 W
- 802.3at PDs, when connected to a legacy 802.3af PSE, will provide the user an indication that a 802.3at PSE is required.
- Research the operation of midspans for 1000BASE-T
- Research the operation of midspans and endspans for 10GBASE-T
[edit] Non-standard implementations
[edit] Cisco
Measure returned LinkPulse, then provide 48 V DC. Requires special PHY. Filter will only couple LinkPulse not ordinary packets. Cisco manufactured 13 devices, WLAN access points and VoIP phones that were not compliant with the IEEE802.3-2005 Clause 33. Max 7.6 W.
[edit] 3Com
"EPS" (3C10220 & 3C10222 ?), Designed and Manufactured by PowerDsine, Inc (www.powerdsine.com) Measure capacitance signature, then provide -24 V DC.
[edit] Homebrew
Commonly just wires the spare pairs 4-5 (positive) and 7-8 (negative) to an appropriate DC power source. Issues like wire resistance and maximum current have to be calculated. In many countries there are regulations for voltages above 50 V to be considered.
Example: Linksys WRT54G (12 V, 1 A) fed over 10 m Cat 5 cable (AWG 24, 0.2 mm²). The cable resistance will be 0.8 Ω, the resulting voltage drop 0.8 V. As the Linksys converts the voltage to 5 V internally this drop is not critical and the installation will work fine.
[edit] Notes
Category 5 cable uses 24 AWG which can safely carry 360 mA at 50 V according to the TIA latest ruling.[citation needed] The cable has eight wires and therefore the absolute maximum power transmitted is 50 V × 0.360 A × 4 = 72W. Considering the voltage drop after 100m, a PD would be able to receive 59W. The additional heat generated in the wires by PoE at this current level limits the total number of cables in a bundle to be 100 at 45oC, according to the TIA.
