President for Life
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
President for Life is a title assumed by some dictators to remove their term limit, in the hope that their authority, legitimacy, and term will never be disputed.
The first well-known incident of a leader extending his term indefinitely was Roman dictator Julius Caesar, who made himself "Perpetual Dictator" (commonly mistranslated as 'Dictator-for-life') in 45 BC. Originally, the office of dictator could only be held for six months. His actions would later be mimicked by the French leader Napoleon Bonaparte who was appointed "First Consul for life" in 1802. Since then, many dictators have adopted similar titles.
Ironically, most leaders who have proclaimed themselves President for Life have not in fact gone on to successfully serve a life term. Most have been deposed long before their death. However, some, such as Saparmurat Niyazov, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, and Josip Broz Tito have managed to rule until their deaths.
Some very long-serving authoritarian presidents, such as Ferdinand Marcos, who were frequently thought of as examples of Presidents for Life, actually underwent periodic renewal of mandate but these are largely regarded as show elections.
Others made unsuccessful attempts to have themselves named President for Life, such as Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972.[1]
North Korea's president Kim Il-sung was never declared President for Life, but after his death the government amended the constitution to declare him "Eternal President".
Notably, George Washington rejected all attempts to make him President for Life. That particular institution, as designed by its proponents, was, however, quite dissimilar from the modern usage.
A President-for-life may be regarded as a de facto monarch. In fact, other than the title, political scientists often face difficulties in differentiating a state ruled by a president-for-life (especially one who inherits the job from a family dictatorship) and a monarchy.
[edit] List of leaders who became President for Life
Note: the first date listed in each entry is the date of proclamation of their status as President for Life.
- Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic October, 49 BC – until assassination (March 15, 44 BC)
- Alexandre Pétion of Haiti (1808) - died in office 1818.
- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia of Paraguay (1816) - died in office 1840.
- Rafael Carrera of Guatemala (1854) - died in office 1865.
- Yuan Shikai of China (1915) - became emperor, rescinded throne, died in office 1916.
- Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia (1974) - died in office 1980.
- Sukarno of Indonesia (1963) - deposed 1965.
- Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (1964) - deposed 1966.
- François Duvalier of Haiti (1964) - died in office 1971, named his son as his successor (see below)
- Hastings Banda of Malawi (1971) - stripped of title 1993, defeated in elections 1994.
- Jean-Claude Duvalier of Haiti (1971) - named by his father as successor, deposed 1986.
- Jean-Bédel Bokassa of the Central African Republic (1972) - became emperor 1976 (deposed 1979).
- Francisco Macías Nguema of Equatorial Guinea (1972) - deposed 1979.
- Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia (1975) - deposed 1987.
- Idi Amin of Uganda (1976) - defeated in war 1979.
- Lennox Sebe of Ciskei (1983) - deposed 1990.
- Saparmurat Niyazov of Turkmenistan (1999) - died in office 2006.
[edit] In fiction
- In Marvel 1602, the Purple Man becomes the United States' President-for-life.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State, p. 211
