North Korea

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The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), commonly known as North Korea, is an East Asian country situated on the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital is Pyongyang. Its northern border is shared mostly with China, although 18.3 km (11.4 miles) is shared with Russia along the Tumen River, in the far northeast corner of the country. To the south, it is bordered by South Korea, with which it formed one nation until the division following World War II.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Emergence of North Korea 1.2 Leadership 1.3 Economic Evolution 2 Government and politics 3 Foreign relations 4 Military 4.1 Nuclear weapons program 5 Human rights 6 Geography 7 Economy 8 Demographics 8.1 Religion 8.2 Language 9 Culture 10 Administrative divisions 11 See also 11.1 Categories 12 Notes and references 13 Further reading 14 External links 15 Locale

[edit] History

Main article: History of North Korea

See also: History of Korea and Division of Korea

[edit] Emergence of North Korea

In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation of Korea, which ended with Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945, Korea was divided in two along the 38th parallel. The Soviet Union controlled the area to the north of this line and the United States controlled the area to the south. The Korean people were not consulted by either power prior to this division. While virtually all Koreans welcomed liberation from Japanese imperial rule, they objected to the re-imposition of foreign rule over the peninsula. The Soviets and Americans were unable to agree on the implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea, with each imposing its own system on the area under its jurisdiction. This led to the 1948 establishment of ideologically opposed governments in the north and the south.^[1] Growing tensions and border skirmishes between the north and south eventually led to a civil war called the Korean War. On June 25, 1950 the (North) Korean People's Army attacked across the 38th Parallel in a move to reunify the peninsula under their political system. The war continued until July 27, 1953, when the United Nations Command, the Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers signed the Korean War Armistice Agreement.^[2] Since that time the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has separated the North and South.

[edit] Leadership

North Korea was led by Kim Il-sung from 1948 until his death on July 8, 1994. Toward the end of his life, Kim Il-sung delegated most domestic matters to his son, Kim Jong-il. Three years after his father's death, on October 8, 1997, Kim Jong-il was named General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party.^[3][4] In 1998, the legislature reconfirmed him as Chairman of the National Defence Commission and declared that position as the "highest office of state".^[5]

[edit] Economic Evolution

In the aftermath of the Korean War and throughout the 1960s and '70s, the country's state-controlled economy grew at a significant rate and, until the late 1970s, was considered to be stronger than that of the South. The country struggled throughout the 1990s, primarily due to the loss of strategic trade arrangements with the USSR^[6] and strained relations with China - following China's normalization with South Korea in 1992.^[7] In addition, North Korea experienced record-breaking floods (1995 and 1996) followed by several years of equally severe drought beginning in 1997.^[8] This, compounded with only 18 percent arable land^[9] and an inability to import the goods necessary to sustain industry,^[10] led to an immense famine and left North Korea in economic shambles. Large numbers of North Koreans illegally entered the People's Republic of China in search of food. Faced with a country in decay, Kim Jong-il adopted a "Military-First" policy to strengthen the country and reinforce the regime.^[11] On the national scale, this policy has produced a positive growth rate for the country since 1996, and the implementation of "landmark socialist-type market economic practices" in 2002 kept the North afloat^[12] despite a continued dependancy on foreign aid for food.

[edit] Government and politics

Main article: Politics of North Korea

North Korea is officially described as a socialist republic governed according to the ideology of Juche ("self-reliance"). Kim Il-Sung, the founder of North Korea, was the country's first and only president. He was not replaced, instead receiving the designation of "Eternal President", and rests in the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in central Pyongyang. The active position has been abolished in deference to the memory of Kim Il-sung.^[13]

The de facto head of state is Kim Jong-Il, who is Chairman of the National Defence Commission. The legislature of North Korea is the Supreme People's Assembly, currently led by President Kim Yong Nam. The other senior government leader is Premier Pak Pong-ju.

North Korea is a single-party state. The governing party is the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, a coalition made up of three smaller parties, the Workers Party of Korea, the Korean Social Democratic Party and the Chondoist Chongu Party. These parties nominate all candidates for office and hold all seats in the Supreme People's Assembly.

North Korea, is ultimately the worst example of totalitarianism in the human history with the worst human rights violations, see Human rights in North Korea. To attempt to describe it's government and politics in normal terms is to give it a legitimacy that, to say the least, it does not deserve, and to do injustice to the people who suffer under it's yoke. It can be said that what is happening in North Korea today is George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four nightmare come true.

[edit] Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of North Korea

Since the cease fire of the Korean War in 1953, the North Korean government has been at odds with the United States, Japan and South Korea. Since 2000, its relations with the U.S. have greatly deteriorated, following U.S. President George W Bush's labeling it part of an "axis of evil" and an "outpost of tyranny". The highest level contact with the U.S. government was former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright's 2000 visit to Pyongyang, though the countries do not have formal diplomatic relations.^[14] As of 2006 approximately 37,000 American soldiers remain in South Korea, with plans to reduce this number to 25,000 by 2008.^[15] Despite the frequent saber rattling, Kim Jong-il has frequently stated both privately and publicly his acceptance of U.S. troops on the peninsula even after a possible reunification.^[16] The idea is that once North Korea and U.S. normalize relations, the presence of U.S. troops would have a stabilizing effect on the peninsula - particularly to assure Koreans of a checked Japan, following almost a half-century of colonialization.^[17]

North and South Korea are still technically at war, however there is very little hostility between the citizens of both North and South Korea. South Koreans believe that North Koreans are still Korean, and therefore are family. Both the North and South Korean governments proclaim that they are seeking eventual reunification as a goal. North Korea's policy is to seek reunification without what it sees as outside interference, through a federal structure retaining each side's leadership and systems. Both North and South Korea signed the June 15th North-South Joint Declaration in 2000, in which both sides made promises to seek out a peaceful reunification.^[18]

North Korea has maintained close relations with the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation. The fall of communism in eastern Europe in 1989 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 resulted in a devastating drop in aid to North Korea from Russia, although China continues to provide substantial assistance. North Korea continues to have strong ties with its socialist Asian allies in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.^[19]

[edit] Military

Main article: Korean People's Army

Kim Jong-il is the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army and Chairman of the National Defense Commission. The Korean People's Army is the name for the collective armed personnel of the North Korean military. The army has four branches: Ground Force, Naval Force, Air Force and the Civil Securities Force. According to the US State Department, North Korea has the fourth-largest military in the world, at an estimated 1.21 million armed personnel, with about 20% of men ages 17-54 in the regular armed forces.^[20] Annual military spending is estimated as high as $5 Billion USD (20% of GDP), compared with South Korea's $21.06 Billion USD (2.5% of GDP).^[21] North Korea has perhaps the world's second-largest special operations force (estimated at 100,000 as of 2002)^[22], designed for insertion and sabotage behind enemy lines in wartime.^[23]

[edit] Nuclear weapons program

Main article: North Korea and weapons of mass destruction

On October 9, 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test.^[24] The blast was smaller than expected and U.S. officials suggested that it may have been an unsuccessful test or a partially successful fizzle.^[25] North Korea has previously stated that it has produced nuclear weapons and according to U.S. intelligence and military officials it has produced, or has the capability to produce, up to six or seven such devices.^[26] As of October 2006, North Korea is not believed to have the capability to deliver a nuclear warhead by affixing to a missile or other nuclear weapons delivery system. The most likely means of transport would be aircraft, which could be monitored.^[27]

On March 17, 2007, North Korea told delegates at international nuclear talks that it is preparing to shut down its main nuclear facility. The agreement was reached following a series of six-party talks, involving North Korea, South Korea, China, Russia, Japan, and the U.S, begun in 2003. According to the agreement, a list of its nuclear programs will be submitted and the nuclear facility will be disabled in exchange for fuel aid and normalization talks with the U.S. and Japan.^[28]

[edit] Human rights

Main article: Human rights in North Korea

International human rights organizations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, among others, accuse North Korea of having one of the worst human rights records of any nation, with a severe restriction on political and economic freedoms.^[29][30]

North Korean exiles have testified as to the existence of detention camps with an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 inmates, and have reported torture, starvation, rape, murder and forced labour.[4][5] In some of the camps, US officials and former inmates say the annual mortality rate approaches 20% to 25% [6]. A former prison guard and army intelligence officer said that in one camp, chemical weapons were tested on prisoners in a gas chamber [7]. According to a former prisoner, pregnant women inside the camps are often forced to have abortions or the newborn child is killed. [8] The government of North Korea has not replied to any of these accusations, and it refuses to admit independent human rights observers.^[31]

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of North Korea

See also: Korean Peninsula

North Korea is on the northern portion of the Korean Peninsula. North Korea shares land borders with China and Russia to the north, and with South Korea to the south. To its west are the Yellow Sea and Korea Bay, and to its east is the Sea of Japan (East Sea of Korea). Japan lies east of the peninsula across the Sea of Japan.

The highest point in Korea is the Paektu-san at 2,744 meters (9,003 ft), and major rivers include the Tumen and the Yalu.^[32]

The local climate is relatively temperate, with precipitation heavier in summer during a short rainy season called changma, and winters that can be bitterly cold on occasion.^[33] North Korea's capital and largest city is P'yŏngyang; other major cities include Kaesŏng in the south, Sinŭiju in the northwest, Wŏnsan and Hamhŭng in the east and Ch'ŏngjin in the northeast.

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of North Korea

See also: Communications in North Korea, Transportation in North Korea, and Tourism in North Korea

North Korea's socialist economy has been mostly stagnant since the 1970s. State-owned industry produces nearly all manufactured goods. The government focuses on heavy military industry, following Kim Jong-il's adoption of a "Military-First" policy to keep the economy alive following devastating losses in the agricultural industry. Following the adoption of this policy the country has reported a growth rate averaging between 1-2% each year.^[34] Estimates of the North Korea economy cover a broad range, as the country does not release official figures and the secretive nature of the country makes outside estimation difficult. According to accepted estimates, North Korea spends $5 billion USD out of a Gross Domestic Product of $20.9 billion on the military, compared with South Korea's $15.49 billion out of a GDP of $852.74 billion.^[35]

In the 1990s North Korea faced significant economic disruptions, including a series of natural disasters, economic mismanagement, serious fertilizer shortages, and the collapse of the Soviet bloc. These resulted in a shortfall of staple grain output of more than 1 million tons from what the country needs to meet internationally-accepted minimum dietary requirements. [9] The resulting famine killed between 600,000 and 3.5 million people in North Korea during the 1990s. [10] By 1999 foreign aid reduced the number of famine deaths, but North Korea's continuing nuclear program led to a decline in international food and development aid. In the spring of 2005, the World Food Program reported that famine conditions were in imminent danger of returning to North Korea, and the government was reported to have mobilized millions of city-dwellers to help rice farmers.[11] [12] Approximately 92% of 577,000 tons of food aid donated by China in 2005 was to North Korea, making up 49% of the food aid North Korea receives. South Korea was the second biggest donor to North Korea in 2005, contributing 36% on top of China's 49%. In spite of these donations over 22% of the population of North Korea is classified as malnourished and recent evidence suggests serious food shortages continue.[13]

North Korea has previously received international food and fuel aid from China, South Korea, and the United States in exchange for restrictions on its nuclear program. In June 2005, the U.S. announced that it would give 50,000 metric tons of food aid to North Korea. [14] The United States gave North Korea 50,000 tons in 2004 and 100,000 tons in 2003. [15] On 19 September 2005, North Korea was promised food and fuel aid (among other things) from South Korea, the U.S., Japan, Russia, and China in exchange for abandoning its nuclear weapons program and rejoining the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

In July 2002, North Korea started experimenting with capitalism in the Kaesŏng Industrial Region. [16] A small number of other areas have been designated as Special Administrative Regions, including Sinŭiju along the China-North Korea border. China and South Korea are the biggest trade partners of North Korea, with trade with China increasing 38% to $1.02 billion in 2003, and trade with South Korea increasing 12% to $724 million in 2003 [17]. It is reported that the number of mobile phones in P'yŏngyang rose from only 3,000 in 2002 to approximately 20,000 during 2004.[18] As of June 2004, however, mobile phones became forbidden again.[19] A small amount of capitalistic elements are gradually spreading from the trial area, including a number of advertising billboards along certain highways. Recent visitors have reported that the number of open-air farmers' markets has increased in Kaesong, P'yŏngyang, as well as along the China-North Korea border, bypassing the food rationing system.

According to the Ministry of Unification of South Korea, the GDP grew by 6.2% in 1999, but only 1.3% in 2000, 3.2% in 2001, 1.2% in 2002 and 1.8% in 2003.[20]

In an event in 2003 dubbed the "Pong Su incident", a North Korean cargo ship allegedly attempting to smuggle heroin into Australia was seized by Australian officials, strengthening Australian and United States' suspicions that Pyongyang engages in international drug smuggling. The North Korean government denied any involvement. [21]

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of North Korea

North Korea's population of roughly 23 million is one of the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous in the world, with very small numbers of Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and European expatriate minorities.

[edit] Religion

Main article: Religion in North Korea

North Korea shares with South Korea a Buddhist and Confucianist heritage and recent history of Christian and Chondogyo ("Heavenly Way") movements. However, according to Human Rights Watch, ever since the rise of communism, free religious activities no longer exist as the government sponsors religious groups only to create an illusion of religious freedom [22].

Pyongyang was the center of Christian activity in Korea before the Korean War. Today, two state-sanctioned churches exist, which freedom of religion advocates allege are showcases for foreigners.^[36][37] There are an estimated four thousand Catholics and nine thousand Protestants in North Korea.^[38]

According to a ranking published by Open Doors, an organization that supports persecuted Christians, North Korea is currently the country with the most severe persecution of Christians in the world.^[39] Human rights groups such as Amnesty International also have expressed concerns about religious persecution in North Korea.^[40]

[edit] Language

North Korea shares the Korean language with South Korea. There are dialect differences within both Koreas, but the border between North and South does not represent a major linguistic boundary. The adoption of modern terms from foreign languages has been limited in North Korea, while prevalent in the South.

Hanja (Chinese characters) are no longer used in North Korea, although still occasionally used in South Korea. Both Koreas share the Hangul writing system, called Chosongul in North Korea.

The official Romanisation differs in the two countries, with North Korea using a slightly modified McCune-Reischauer system, and the South using the Revised Romanization of Korean.

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Korea

See also: Contemporary culture of North Korea

There is a vast cult of personality (Big Brother) around Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il, and much of North Korea's literature, popular music, theater, and film glorify the two men.^{[citation needed]}

In July 2004, the Complex of Goguryeo Tombs was the first site in North Korea to be included into the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.

A popular event in North Korea is the Mass Games. The most recent and largest Mass Games was called "Arirang". It was performed six nights a week for two months, and involved over 100,000 performers. The Mass Games involve performances of dance, gymnastic, and choreographic routines which celebrate the history of North Korea and the Workers' Party Revolution. The Mass Games are held in Pyongyang at various venues (varying according to the scale of the Games in a particular year) including the May Day Grand Theatre.

Restaurants run by the North Korean government have opened in China.^[41]

[edit] Administrative divisions

Main articles: Subdivisions of North Korea and Cities of North Korea

See also: Provinces of Korea and Special cities of Korea

North Korea is divided into nine provinces, three special regions, and two directly-governed cities (chikhalsi, 직할시, 直轄市):

Provinces

Province	Transliteration	Hangul	Hanja
Chagang	Chagang-do	자강도	慈江道
North Hamgyŏng	Hamgyŏng-pukto	함경북도	咸鏡北道
South Hamgyŏng	Hamgyŏng-namdo	함경남도	咸鏡南道
North Hwanghae	Hwanghae-pukto	황해북도	黃海北道
South Hwanghae	Hwanghae-namdo	황해남도	黃海南道
Kangwŏn	Kangwŏndo	강원도	江原道
North P'yŏngan	P'yŏngan-pukto	평안북도	平安北道
South P'yŏngan	P'yŏngan-namdo	평안남도	平安南道
Ryanggang*	Ryanggang-do	량강도	兩江道

* Sometimes rendered "Yanggang" (양강도).

Special regions

Region	Transliteration	Hangul	Hanja
Kaesŏng Industrial Region	Kaesŏng Kong-ŏp Chigu	개성공업지구	開城工業地區
Kŭmgangsan Tourist Region	Kŭmgangsan Kwangwang Chigu	금강산관광지구	金剛山觀光地區
Sinŭiju Special Administrative Region	Sinŭiju T'ŭkpyŏl Haengjŏnggu	신의주특별행정구	新義州特別行政區

Directly-governed cities

City	Transliteration	Hangul	Hanja
P'yŏngyang	P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi	평양직할시	平壤直轄市
Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong)	Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong) Chikhalsi	라선(라진-선봉)직할시	羅先(羅津-先鋒)直轄市

Major cities

Sinuiju Kaesong Nampho Chongjin Wonsan Sariwon

Hoeryong Hamhung Haeju Kanggye Hyesan Kimchaek

[edit] See also

• List of Korea-related topics
• Korean Friendship Association
• Korean nationalism
• Korean reunification
• Korean War

[edit] Categories

[edit] Notes and references

[edit] Further reading

• Jasper Becker, Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea, Oxford University Press (2005), hardcover, 328 pages, ISBN 13: 9780195170443
• Gordon Cucullu, Separated At Birth: How North Korea Became The Evil Twin, Globe Pequot Press (2004), hardcover, 307 pages, ISBN 1-59228-591-0
• Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History, W.W. Norton & Company, 1998, paperback, 527 pages, ISBN 0-393-31681-5
• Bruce Cumings, Origins of the Korean War (Vol. 1): Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes 1945-1947, Princeton University Press, 1981, paperback, ISBN 0-691-10113-2
• Bruce Cumings, Origins of the Korean War (Vol. 2): The Roaring of the Cataract 1947-1950, Cornell University Press, 2004, hardcover, ISBN 89-7696-613-9
• Bruce Cumings, North Korea: Another Country, New Press, 2004, paperback, ISBN 1-56584-940-X
• Bruce Cumings, Living Through The Forgotten War: Portrait Of Korea, Mansfield Freeman Center for East Asian Studies, 2004, paperback, ISBN 0-9729704-0-1
• Bruce Cumings, Inventing the Axis of Evil: The Truth About North Korea, Iran, and Syria, New Press, 2006, paperback, ISBN 1-59558-038-7
• Delisle, Guy, Pyongyang: A Journey in North Korea, Drawn & Quarterly Books, 2005, hardcover, 176 pages, ISBN 1-896597-89-0
• Nick Eberstadt, aka Nicholas Eberstadt, The End of North Korea, American Enterprise Institute Press (1999), hardcover, 191 pages, ISBN 0-8447-4087-X
• John Feffer, North Korea South Korea: U.S. Policy at a Time of Crisis, Seven Stories Press, 2003, paperback, 197 pages, ISBN 1-58322-603-6
• Michael Harrold, Comrades and Strangers: Behind the Closed Doors of North Korea, Wiley Publishing, 2004, paperback, 432 pages, ISBN 0-470-86976-3
• Helen-Louise Hunter, Kim Il-song's North Korea. Praeger, 1999. ISBN 0-275-96296-2.
• Kang, Chol-Hwan (2001). The Aquariums of Pyongyang. Basic Books, 2001. ISBN 0-465-01102-0. 
• Mitchell B. Lerner, The Pueblo Incident: A Spy Ship and the Failure of American Foreign Policy, University Press of Kansas, 2002, hardcover, 408 pages, ISBN 0-7006-1171-1
• Bradley Martin, Under The Loving Care Of The Fatherly Leader: North Korea And The Kim Dynasty, St. Martins (October, 2004), hardcover, 868 pages, ISBN 0-312-32221-6
• Oberdorfer, Don. The two Koreas : a contemporary history. Addison-Wesley, 1997, 472 pages, ISBN 0-201-40927-5
• Kong Dan Oh, and Ralph C. Hassig, North Korea Through the Looking Glass, The Brookings Institution, 2000, paperback, 216 pages, ISBN 0-8157-6435-9
• Quinones, Dr. C. Kenneth, and Joseph Tragert, The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea, Alpha Books, 2004, paperback, 448 pages, ISBN 1-59257-169-7
• Sigal, Leon V., Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea, Princeton University Press, 199, 336 pages, ISBN 0-691-05797-4
• Chris Springer, Pyongyang: The Hidden History of the North Korean Capital. Saranda Books, 2003. ISBN 963-00-8104-0.
• Vladimir, Cyber North Korea, Byakuya Shobo, 2003, paperback, 223 pages, ISBN 4-89367-881-7
• Norbert Vollertsen, Inside North Korea: Diary of a Mad Place, Encounter Books, 2003, hardcover, 280 pages, ISBN 1-893554-87-2
• Wahn Kihl, Y. (1983) "North Korea in 1983: Transforming "The Hermit Kingdom"?" Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 1: pp100-111
• Robert Willoughby, North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide. Globe Pequot, 2003. ISBN 1-84162-074-2.
• Hyun Hee Kim, "The Tears of My Soul", William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1993, hardcover, 183 pages, ISBN 0-688-12833-5

[edit] External links

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Official / Quasi-Official North Korean Government Links

• korea-dpr.com - Korean Friendship Association - Officially recognized by the DPRK
• Naenara - ("My country") DPRK's Official Web Portal run by Korea Computer Company
• The Korean Central News Agency The DPRK's news service - hosted in Japan
• The Constitution of the DPRK

About North Korea

• DPRK Database - about North Korea
• CIA World Factbook - "North Korea"
• US Library of Congress - "Country Studies: North Korea" - data as of June 1993

News Sources

• BBC News - "Country Profile: North Korea"
• Pyongyang Watch, an archive of Asia Times articles
• Another Korea - Background stories on North Korea
• Daily NK - North Korea focused daily online newspaper

Documentaries

• Kim's Nuclear Gamble - PBS Frontline Documentary (Video & Transcript)
• Seoul Train Documentary on North Koreans Trying to escape via China 2004
• The Hermit Kingdom Dan Rather 60 Minutes 02/06
• A State of Mind Documentary by the BBC following two young North Korean gymnasts training for the mass games (2004)

Web Logs

• One Free Korea: Updated daily; focusing on human rights, political, economic, and military issues, often with Google-Earth tours of North Korea's most secret places
• DPRK Studies: Focusing on intelligence, military, and diplomatic issues
• NK Zone: Includes a variety of perspectives, with a greater focus on cultural and economic issues
• RU NK: Focusing primarily on human rights issues, by a member of Liberty in North Korea
• NK Econ Watch: Focusing mainly on economic issues

Photo Logs

• Visitor account of North Korea
• North Korea - photos from TripAdvisor.ru
• Artemii Lebedev's photographs of North Korea with commentary
• BBC News - In pictures: Unseen North Korea
• Pictures from North Korea

Reunification

• Kim Il Sung: 10 Point programme for reunification of the country
• "Korean Friendship Association" - Unification - recognized by DPRK
• Ministry of Unification - South Korea
• International Liaison Committee for Reunification and Peace in Korea (CILRECO) - France
• "Korea is one" - Belgian-Korean Friendship Association

Miscellaneous

• North Korea: A Reporter's Notebook — Luis Ramirez (Voice of America)
• "A Year in Pyongyang", by Andrew Holloway, 1988.
• Pyongyang Metro System Unofficial Web Site - Examining a suspected underground military installation

[edit] Locale