Reiter

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Reiters (German: Reiter, or horserider, shortened from the original 'Schwarze Reiter' or'black riders' called for the colour of their armour) were a type of cavalry, which appeared in the armies of Western Europe in the 16th century in place of the outmoded lance-armed knights, at the same time that cuirassiers and dragoons began to attain typological distinction from other kinds of cavalry. The reiters raised firearms to the status of primary weapons, as opposed to earlier Western European heavy cavalry relying primarily on hand-to-hand weapons.

The reiter's main weapons were two or more pistols and a sword; most wore helmets and cuirasses and often additional armor for the arms and legs; sometimes they also carried a long cavalry firearm known as an arquebus or a carbine (although this type of horsemen soon became regarded as a separate class of cavalry - the arquebusier or in Britain harquebusier).

In general, the reiters were expected to be able to engage their opponents both with firearms and sword. In the 16th century and up to about 1620, reiters tended to form up in deep blocks and used their firearms in a caracole attack to disorder enemy infantry before charging home. However, enterprising commanders such as Henry IV and Gustavus Adolphus preferred to employ their reiters and other heavy cavalry in a more aggressive manner, ordering them to press the charge and fire their pistols at point-blank range (especially against well-armored enemies) or use their swords instead. Regardless of criticism by 19th and 20th century historians of the caracole tactic, Reiters could be incredibly effective when properly employed. A particular case in point is the Battle of Turnhout, where a force of Dutch ruyters under Maurice of Nassau defeated the opposing Spanish cavalry and then successfully engaged the Spanish infantry with a combination of pistol volleys and sword-in-hand charges.

The Reiters mostly consisted of Germans and served in the armies of the German states, Sweden, Poland as Polish: 'rajtaria', and elsewhere. There were also Reiter regiments in Russia between 1630s and late 17th century (see Regiments of the new order).

In the later 17th century the Reiters gradually merged into generic cavalry regiments and were no longer seen as a distinct class of horseman.