Roger Scruton
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Roger Vernon Scruton (born 27 February 1944) is a British philosopher. He is also a broadcaster, journalist, composer, and countryside campaigner. In his many published writings he seeks to understand and uphold the various achievements of Western Culture, and the institutions through which it is passed on to future generations. In his political philosophy he articulates and defends Conservatism. He is widely regarded as the most important living British conservative philosopher. His primary field however is aesthetics, in which he criticises post-modernism and architectural modernism, and attempts to comprehend music.
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[edit] Biography
Scruton was educated at Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe (1954-1961) and Jesus College, Cambridge (1962-1969). He received his B.A. in Moral Sciences in 1965, his M.A. in 1967, and his Ph.D. in philosophy, with thesis on aesthetics, in 1972. He was called to the Bar in 1978.
From 1969 to 1971 he was Research Fellow at Peterhouse, Cambridge. From 1971 to 1992 he was Lecturer, and, subsequently, Reader and Professor of Aesthetics at Birkbeck College, London. From 1992 to 1995 he was Professor of Philosophy and University Professor at Boston University. He is currently Research Professor at the Institute for the Psychological Sciences in Arlington, Virginia and Visiting Professor at Princeton University.
From 1982 to 2001 he was founding editor of The Salisbury Review and also founded the Claridge Press which in early 2004 he sold to Continuum International Publishing Group. He remains on The Salisbury Review's editorial board, as well as those of the British Journal of Aesthetics and openDemocracy.net http://www.opendemocracy.net/home/index.jsp.
In the early 1990's he moved from the city to the countryside and discovered a passion for fox-hunting with hounds, which in the UK is now a criminal practice (Hunting Act 2004). When in England, he lives with his family on his farm in Brinkworth, Wiltshire.
[edit] Contributions to philosophy and the arts
His first publication - "Art and Imagination" - was a sophisticated exploration of aesthetics. Since then, he has written on practically every topic in philosophy, usually in an accessible prose. He holds Kant in particularly high regard. Some have objected to what they see as a "pick-and-choose" attitude towards Kant's ideas; for example in The Meaning of Conservatism he criticises Kantian ethics as being too individualistic, but in other works, for example on animal rights, he relies upon Kant.
Scruton has written two volumes on the history of modern philosophy. A Short History Of Modern Philosophy starts with Descartes and ends with Ludwig Wittgenstein and the logical positivist school. The second, Modern Philosophy reviews one topic per chapter in over thirty chapters. In his "Thinkers of the New Left" he expresses doubts about the philosophical value of thinkers (such as Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault and the Frankfurt School).
In addition to his work on the theoretical side of the arts, Scruton has also published novels and short stories, and has written two operas, for which he provided both the libretto and music. His first opera, "The Minister," was performed in Quenington in 1994 and in Oxford in 1998. His second opera, "Violet," based on the life of the harpsichordist Violet Gordon-Woodhouse, was given two performances in London in 2005.
[edit] Contributions to politics and culture
Scruton's Burkean political views, expounded in the conservative quarterly Salisbury Review and elsewhere, made him a hated figure amongst many on the Left. The Meaning of Conservatism was, to some extent, a response to the growth of liberalism in the Conservative Party. The book focused less on economics and more upon a conservative approach to moral issues such as arguments against sex education and the dilution of censorship laws. He has attracted criticism from animal rights groups because of his support for fox hunting with hounds in his book Animal Rights and Wrongs.
[edit] Volunteer work
From 1979 Scruton was an active supporter of dissidents in Czechoslovakia when the country was under the rule of the Communist Party. He participated in the "underground university" (an informal educational organisation set up by the dissidents) with discussions about philosophy. In 1980 in Oxford, he co-founded the Jan Hus Educational Foundation [1], which continues to work in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and which he served as trustee. Since 1990 he has been a board member of the Civic Institute [2] in Prague.
For his services to the Czech people, he received the 1st June Prize of the City of Plzeň in 1996 and the Medal for Merit, First Class of the Czech Republic in 2000.
Scruton was also co-founder and trustee of the Jagiellonian Trust, working in Poland and Hungary from 1982 until the return of democracy in 1989, and founder and trustee of the Anglo-Lebanese Cultural association, working for reconciliation between the Lebanese sects from 1987 until it was disbanded in 1995, after the occupation of Lebanon by Syria and the Hezbollah.
[edit] Public relations affair
Scruton has been involved in various business ventures, most notably Horsell's Farm Enterprises, a consulting firm advising clients on public relations which he co-founded in 1999. This firm has been the source of some controversy, since among its clients is one of the world's largest tobacco companies, for which a quarterly briefing paper, The Risk of Freedom Briefing, has been prepared and circulated to press and politicians since 2000.
In early 2002, The Guardian disclosed a leaked confidential e-mail in which Japan Tobacco International was asked for an increase of £1,000 over its existing fee of £4,500 per month in return for the firm's assistance in getting opinion pieces published "in one or other of The Wall Street Journal, The Times, The Telegraph, The Spectator, The Financial Times, The Economist, The Independent or The New Statesman" on "major topics of current concern" to the tobacco industry. Scruton also advised the shifting of health focus onto other products such as fast-food. As a result of the disclosure, the Financial Times dropped Scruton's weekly column, "This Land."
His supporters note that his previous relationship with JTI was never concealed, and the new proposal were in any case never acted on. His critics point out however that his previous articles failed to mention any links to the tobacco industry.
[edit] Publications
Philosophy and the arts
- Art And Imagination (1974)
- The Aesthetics Of Architecture (1979)
- A Short History of Modern Philosophy (1982)
- The Aesthetic Understanding (1983)
- Kant (1983)
- Sexual Desire: A Moral Philosophy of the Erotic (1986)
- Spinoza (1987)
- The Philosopher On Dover Beach and Other Essays (1990)
- Modern Philosophy (1994)
- The Classical Vernacular: architectural principles in an age of nihilism (1995)
- Animal Rights and Wrongs (1996)
- An Intelligent Person's Guide To Philosophy (1996) Republished in 2005 as Philosophy: Principles and Problems
- The Aesthetics Of Music (1997)
- Spinoza (1998)
- Death-Devoted Heart: Sex and the Sacred in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde (2004)
Politics and culture
- The Meaning Of Conservatism (1980)
- The Politics Of Culture and Other Essays (1981)
- A Dictionary Of Political Thought (1982) * NEW EDITION - 2007 *
- Untimely Tracts (1985)
- Thinkers Of The New Left (1986)
- A Land Held Hostage: Lebanon and the West (1987)
- Conservative Texts (1992)
- An Intelligent Person's Guide to Modern Culture (1998)
- The West and the Rest: Globalization and the terrorist threat (2002)
- The Need for Nations (2004)
- Arguments For Conservatism (2006)
- Immigration, Multiculturalism and the Need to Defend the Nation State - Online version (2006)
Autobiographical and Topographical
- On Hunting (1998)
- England: An Elegy (2001)
- News From Somewhere: On Settling (2004)
- Gentle Regrets: Thoughts from a Life (2005)
Fiction
- Fortnight's Anger: a novel (1981)
- Francesca: a novel (1991)
- A Dove Descending and Other Stories (1991)
- Xanthippic Dialogues (1993)
- Perictione in Colophon (2000)
Opera
- The Minister (1994)
- Violet (2005)
[edit] External links
- The Home Page of Roger Scruton
- Salisbury Review Quarterly
- The Guardian article on Scruton & Japan Tobacco International
- Roger Scruton's letter of defence, as published by The Guardian
- The Risk of Freedom Briefing
- Interviews with Scruton can be found here (2005) and here (1998).
- Roger Scruton - Fox Hunter and Philosopher, Monday 25 July 2005, Counterpoint, ABC Radio National, Presented by Michael Duffy
- Review of The West and the Rest by John E. Becker (Carnegie Council)
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