Rudolf Nureyev
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Rudolf Nureyev (Tatar form Rudolf Xämät ulı Nuriev, Russian Рудольф Хаметович Нуриев) (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993), a Tatar ballet dancer, is regarded as one of the greatest male dancers of the 20th century, alongside Vaslav Nijinsky and Mikhail Baryshnikov.
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[edit] Early life and career at the Kirov
Nureyev was born on a train near Irkutsk, while his mother was travelling across Siberia to Vladivostok, where his father Hamat, a Red Army political commissar was stationed. Rudolf was raised in a Tatar family in a village near Ufa in Soviet Bashkiria. As a child he was encouraged to dance in Bashkir folk performances and his precocity was soon noticed.
Due to the disruption of Soviet cultural life caused by World War II, Nureyev was unable to enroll in a major ballet school until 1955, when he was sent to the Vaganova Choreographic Institute, attached to the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad. Despite his late start, he was soon recognised as the most gifted dancer the school had seen for many years. Already, however, his extremely difficult temperament was evident.
Within two years Nureyev was one of the Soviet Union's best-known dancers, in a country which revered the ballet and made national heroes of its stars. Soon he enjoyed the rare privilege of travel outside the Soviet Union, when he danced in Vienna at the International Youth Festival. Not long after, for disciplinary reasons, he was told he would not be allowed to go abroad again. He was confined to tours of the Soviet Republics.
[edit] Defection to the West
In 1961 Nureyev's situation changed. The Kirov's leading male dancer, Konstantin Sergeyev, was injured, and at the last minute Nureyev was chosen to replace him on the Kirov's European tour. In Paris, his performances electrified audiences and critics, but he broke the rules about mingling with foreigners, which alarmed the Kirov's management. The Kirov's management and the KGB wanted to send him back to the Soviet Union immediately, which, contrary to popular belief, was due to the fact that KGB agents had been investigating him for quite some time, as by that time they were going to take serious action against him for being gay. As a subterfuge, they told him that he would not travel with the company to London to continue the tour because he was needed at home to dance at a special performance in the Kremlin. He correctly believed that if he returned, he would likely be imprisoned. It has been the more popular and accepted belief that he "leaped to freedom" in order to be more of a "free artist", though many of Nureyev's private accounts of the events in Paris in 1961, as well the accounts of many of his close friends, tell that he stayed in the west due to the consequences of living in the Soviet Union and being gay.
So, on June 17, 1961, at the Paris Airport, Rudolf Nureyev defected. Within a week, he was signed up by the Grand Ballet du Marquis de Cuevas and was performing The Sleeping Beauty with Nina Vyroubova. He was an instant celebrity in the west, and his dramatic defection, outstanding technique, good looks, and astonishing charisma on stage made him an international star.
Nureyev's defection also gave him the personal freedom he had been denied in the Soviet Union. On a tour of Denmark he met Erik Bruhn, another dancer ten years his senior, who became his lover, his closest friend and his protector (mainly from his own folly) for many years. The relationship was a stormy one, for Nureyev was highly promiscuous. Bruhn was director of the Royal Swedish Ballet from 1967 to 1972 and Artistic Director of the National Ballet of Canada from 1983 until his death in 1986.
Although he petitioned the Soviet government for many years to be allowed to visit his mother to whom he remained very close, he was not allowed to do so until 1989, when his mother was dying and Mikhail Gorbachev consented to the visit.
During this visit, he was invited to dance once again with the Kirov Ballet at the Maryinsky theatre in Leningrad (now renamed Saint Petersburg). Alas, it was too late; he was too old, his technique was by then defective, and his performance disappointed. Nonetheless, the visit gave him the opportunity to see many of the teachers and colleagues he had not seen since he defected, including his first ballet teacher in Ufa, where his mother lived.
[edit] Fonteyn and Nureyev
Nureyev's first appearance in England was at a ballet matinée organised by Margot Fonteyn in aid of The Royal Academy of Dancing, at which he danced "Poeme Tragique", a heavily symbolic solo choreographed by Frederick Ashton, and brought the house to its feet in the Black Swan pas de deux from Swan Lake. He formed a partnership with Fonteyn which became perhaps the most famous in modern theatre history. Their first performance together was at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in Giselle on February 21 1962, when the applause of the audience lasted longer than the ballet itself.
Together Nureyev and Fonteyn forever transformed such cornerstone ballets as Swan Lake and Giselle. Fonteyn and Nureyev premiered Sir Frederick Ashton's ballet Marguerite and Armand, a ballet to Liszt's B minor piano sonata, which became their signature piece. They inevitably filled the house, and this led to occasional injustices, as when Kenneth Macmillan was forced to allow them to premiere his Romeo and Juliet, actually mounted on two other dancers. Films exist of their partnership in Les Sylphides, Swan Lake, Romeo and Juliet, and other roles. He did much for the Royal Ballet, whose management made a colossal blunder in not appointing him as the director of the company after Ashton's retirement, thus losing him to Paris.
Fonteyn and Nureyev's relationship was not just onstage. Offstage, they became lifelong close friends, even after her retirement to Panama. They were known to giggle their way through practices. They often fought too -- Nureyev was not a patient person, and was known to curse at Fonteyn when practices did not go well. Nevertheless, anyone who ever knew them said Fonteyn was the dearest person to Nureyev's heart, and Fonteyn in turn was fanatically loyal to Nureyev. When she was suffering from cancer Nureyev paid many of her medical bills and visited her constantly despite his busy schedule. Towards the end of Nureyev's life, when his body was wracked by AIDS, Fonteyn urged him to start a career conducting, and he did, to some success. According to Meredith Daneman's biography of Fonteyn, when Nureyev admitted that his body was too wracked with disease and injury to dance, and he was considering conducting, Fonteyn exclaimed, "Darling, that's perfect!!!" Nureyev once said of Fonteyn that they danced with "one body, one soul."
[edit] Later career
In 1964 he came to the Vienna State Opera, where he remained as a dancer and chief of choreography till 1988.
Nureyev was immediately in demand by film-makers, and in 1962 he made his screen debut in a film version of Les Sylphides. In 1977 he played Rudolph Valentino in Ken Russell's Valentino, but he had neither the talent nor the temperament for a serious acting career. He branched into modern dance with the Dutch National Ballet in 1968. In 1972 Robert Helpmann invited him to tour Australia with his own production of Don Quixote ¹), his directorial debut.
During the 1970s, Nureyev appeared in several movies and toured the United States in a revival of the Broadway musical The King and I. His guest appearance on the then-struggling television series The Muppet Show is credited for boosting the series to worldwide success. In 1982 he became a naturalized Austrian. In 1983 he was appointed director of the Paris Opera Ballet, where as well as directing he continued to dance and to promote younger dancers. Among the dancers he groomed to stardom were Sylvie Guillem, Isabel Guerin, Manuel Legris, Elisabeth Maurin, Elisabeth Platel, Charles Jude, and Monique Loudieres. Despite advancing illness towards the end of his tenure, he worked tirelessly, staging new versions of old standbys and commissioning some of the most groundbreaking choreographic works of his time. His own Romeo and Juliet, set in Hollywood, was a popular success.
¹) Set and Costume Designs for Don Quixote by Barry Kay for both the stage production at the Adelaide Festival, 1970, and Nureyev's movie version, gala world premiere at the Sydney Opera House, 1973.
[edit] Personality
Nureyev's talent, beauty, and charm caused him to be forgiven for many things, but stardom did little to improve his temperament. He was notoriously impulsive and did not have much patience with rules, limitations and hierarchical order. His impatience mainly showed itself when the failings of others interfered with their, or his own, work. Most ballerinas with whom he danced, including Antoinette Sibley and Annette Page paid tribute to him as a considerate partner. He mixed with Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Mick Jagger and Andy Warhol, and developed a reputation for intolerance of non-celebrities, but he kept up old friendships in and outside the ballet world for decades, being a loyal and generous friend. He was known as extremely generous to many ballerinas, who credit him with helping them during difficult times. In particular, the Canadian ballerina Lynn Seymour -- distressed when she was denied the opportunity to premiere Macmillan's Romeo and Juliet -- says that he often found projects for her even when she was suffering from weight issues and depression and had trouble finding appearances. He helped an elderly and increasingly impoverished Tamara Karsavina. His interests were widespread and he loved to discuss all kinds of subjects, showing an amazing wealth of knowledge in many fields.
By the end of the 1970s he moved into his 40s and faced the inevitable decline of his amazing physical prowess, he unfortunately continued to tackle the big classical roles for far too long, and his rather undistinguished performances in the late 1980s disappointed many of his admirers. Towards the end of his life, he was wracked with the ravages of AIDS, but he still worked tirelessly on productions for the Paris Opera Ballet. His last work was a lavish, beautiful production of La Bayadere which closely follows the Kirov Ballet version he danced as a young man. At Margot Fonteyn's urging, he also started to conduct concerts and ballets.
[edit] Influence and AIDS
Nureyev's influence on the world of ballet changed especially the perception of male dancers; in his own productions of the classics the male roles got much more choreography than in earlier productions. The second very important influence was his crossing the borders between classical ballet and modern dance by dancing both, although having been trained as a classical dancer. Today it is absolutely normal for dancers to get training in both styles but Nureyev was the one who started this and it was a sensation and even much criticized in his days.
When AIDS appeared in France in about 1982, Nureyev, like many homosexual men, took little notice. He presumably contracted HIV at some point in the early 1980s. For several years he simply denied that anything was wrong with his health: when, in about 1990, he became undeniably ill, he pretended he had several other ailments. He tried several experimental treatments but they did not stop the inevitable decline of his body. Towards the end of his life, as dancing became more and more agonizing for him, he resigned himself to small non-dancing roles, and dabbled with the idea of becoming a conductor. At the urging of Fonteyn, he had a short but successful conducting career, which was unfortunately cut short due to his declining health.
Eventually, however, he had to face the fact that he was dying. He won back the admiration of many of his detractors by his courage during this period. The loss of his looks pained him, but he continued to struggle through public appearances. At his last appearance, at a 1992 production of La Bayadère at the Palais Garnier, Nureyev received an emotional standing ovation from the audience. The French Culture Minister, Jack Lang, presented him with France's highest cultural award, the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres. He died in Paris, France, a few months later, aged 54. His grave, at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois near Paris, is featured in this photograph with an oriental Turkic-style carpet. (Link to photographs.)
[edit] Further reading
Nureyev, ed. Bland, Alexander, "Nureyev: an autobiography with pictures", Hodder & Stoughton, 1962 Percival, John, "Nureyev: aspects of the danbcer", Faber & Faber, 1975 Bland, Alexander, "The Nureyev Valentino: portrait of a film, Studio Vista, 1977 Watson, Peter, "Nureyev: a biography", Hodder & Stoughton, 1994
- Diane Solway, Nureyev: His Life, William Morrow & Co, 1998
Rudolf Nureyev, "Nureyev: His Spectacular Early Years"
