S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
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- For Cantonese romanisation scheme derived by S. L. Wong, see S. L. Wong (romanisation).
Wong Shik Ling (also known as S. L. Wong) published a scheme of phonetic symbols for Standard Cantonese based on International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA) in the book A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced according to the Dialect of Canton. The scheme has been widely used in Chinese dictionaries published in Hong Kong. The scheme, known as S. L. Wong system (黃錫凌式), is a broad phonemic transcription system based on IPA and its analysis of Cantonese phonemes is related to the theories of Y. R. Chao.
Other than the phonemic transcription system, Wong also derived a romanisation scheme published in the same book. See S. L. Wong (romanisation).
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[edit] History
Before devising the system, Wong studied many phonetic transcription and romanisation system, including Eitel's and other earlier schemes, for Cantonese. He found that many of them are not accurate enough for use. He researched in Standard Cantonese and published his results in the book in 1938.
[edit] Use
The system, with minor variations, has been adopted by some other Hong Kong Chinese dictionaries including 中文字典, namely Chinese Dictionary by 喬蜆農 (Kiu Yin Nung), 中華新字典, namely Chung Hwa New Dictionary and 商務新字典, namely Commercial Press New Dictionary. Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau formulate Standard Cantonese Pinyin romanisation based on the system.
In Chinese phonological studies, other systems more phonetic in character are collectively referred to as the narrow transcription (i.e., phonetic transcription) even though they are not necessarily exact phonetic transcription systems. It should be noted that the various narrow transcriptions by different scholars are not identical due to the scholars’ differing analyses of the Cantonese phonemes (for example, the /ts/ phoneme might be analyzed as /tʃ/).
For convenience purposes, in the rest of this article, when the broad system is mentioned it refers to S. L. Wong’s system; when narrow is mentioned, it refers to a representative narrow system but does not imply that all narrow systems are as described.
[edit] Phonology
Cantonese like other Chinese languages is monosyllabic. Each syllabus is divided into initial (consonant), final (vowel and following consonant) and tone.
[edit] Finals
Chinese phonology traditionally stresses on finals because it is related to rhymes in the composition of poems, proses and articles. There are 53 finals in Standard Cantonese.
Except /aː/ and /ɐ/, long and short vowels in Standard Cantonese have complementary distributions and therefore do not function contrastively. Thus, /i/ and /ɪ/ can be considered the same phoneme /i/; the same can be said of /u/ and /ʊ/ (representing the same phoneme /u/), and /œ/ and /ɵ/ (also written /œ̝/) (representing the same phoneme /œ/). The long vowel symbol "ː" can also be omitted since these allophonic long and short vowels have different points of articulation in modern Standard Cantonese.
[edit] Vowels
The 10 basic vowel phonemes are: /a/, /ɐ/, /ei/, /ɛ/, /i/, /ou/, /ɔ/, /œ/, /u/ and /y/ as shown in the following table:
| Front | N.-front | Central | N.-back | Back | ||
| Close |
|
|||||
| Near-close | ||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Near-open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
- For the long Close-mid front unrounded vowel /e/, <ei> is used instead of <eː> in IPA.
- For the long Close-mid back rounded vowel /o/, <ou> is used instead of <oː> in IPA.
- /ɐ/ must be followed by vowels /i/, /u/ or finals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /p/, /t/, /k/.
- The use of a more phonetic (i.e., narrow) transcription for vowels, for example distinguishing between /i/ and /ɪ/. When adopting a phonetic transcription for vowels, the symbol /ɵ/ is often replaced by the symbol /ø/.
[edit] Falling diphthong finals
All vowel phonemes except /ɐ/ form vowel 9 finals themselves.
Some vowel phonemes can followed by vowel phonemes /i/, /u/ or /y/ to form 8 falling diphthong finals:
| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| - | /a/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| /i/ | /ai/ | /ɐi/ | /ɔi/ | /ui/ | ||||||
| /u/ | /au/ | /ɐu/ | /iu/ | |||||||
| /y/ | /œy/ |
[edit] Nasal phoneme finals
Some vowel phonemes can followed by nasal consonants /m/, /n/ or /ŋ/ to form 17 nasal phoneme finals:
| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| /m/ | /am/ | /ɐm/ | /im/ | |||||||
| /n/ | /an/ | /ɐn/ | /in/ | /ɔn/ | /œn/ | /un/ | /yn/ | |||
| /ŋ/ | /aŋ/ | /ɐŋ/ | /ɛŋ/ | /iŋ/ | /ɔŋ/ | /œŋ/ | /uŋ/ |
[edit] Plosive phoneme finals
Some vowel phonemes can followed by unaspirated plosive consonants /p/, /t/ or /k/ to form 20 stop phoneme finals:
| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | |
| /p/ | /ap/ | /ɐp/ | /ip/ | |||||||
| /t/ | /at/ | /ɐt/ | /it/ | /ɔt/ | /œt/ | /ut/ | /yt/ | |||
| /k/ | /ak/ | /ɐk/ | /ɛk/ | /ik/ | /ɔk/ | /œk/ | /uk/ |
[edit] Syllabic nasal finals
Syllabic /m/ and /ŋ/ are also two finals in Cantonese: /m̩/ and /ŋ̩/.
[edit] Summary
Here are the 53 finals in a table:
| ending | Principal vowels | fully voiced nasal consonant | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /a/ | /ɐ/ | /ei/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ou/ | /ɔ/ | /œ/ | /u/ | /y/ | /m̩/ | /ŋ̩/ | ||
| independent vowel final | /a/ 呀 | /ei/ 欺 | /ɛ/ 些 | /i/ 衣 | /ou/ 澳 | /ɔ/ 痾 | /œ/ 靴 | /u/ 烏 | /y/ 於 | /m̩/ 唔 | /ŋ̩/ 吾 | ||
| vowel | /i/ | /ai/ 唉 | /ɐi/ 翳 | /ɔi/ 哀 | /ui/ 回 | ||||||||
| /u/ | /au/ 拗 | /ɐu/ 歐 | /iu/ 夭 | ||||||||||
| /y/ | /œy/ 居 | ||||||||||||
| nasal consonant | /m/ | /am/ 菡 | /ɐm/ 庵 | /im/ 淹 | |||||||||
| /n/ | /an/ 晏 | /ɐn/ 根 | /in/ 烟 | /ɔn/ 安 | /œn/ 津 | /un/ 豌 | /yn/ 鴛 | ||||||
| /ŋ/ | /aŋ/ 罃 | /ɐŋ/ 鶯 | /ɛŋ/ 廰 | /iŋ/ 英 | /ɔŋ/ 盎 | /œŋ/ 香 | /uŋ/ 甕 | ||||||
| plosive consonant | /p/ | /ap/ 鴨 | /ɐp/ 粒 | /ip/ 葉 | |||||||||
| /t/ | /at/ 壓 | /ɐt/ 不 | /it/ 熱 | /ɔt/ 喝 | /œt/ 卒 | /ut/ 活 | /yt/ 月 | ||||||
| /k/ | /ak/ 鈪 | /ɐk/ 厄 | /ɛk/ 隻 | /ik/ 益 | /ɔk/ 惡 | /œk/ 腳 | /uk/ 屋 | ||||||
- ^ Character example with initial. No character with exact pronunciation.
- ^ Character example with initial [j]. In absent of initial, /i/ pronounced with [j] becomes [ji], /iu/ becomes [jiu], /im/ becomes [jim], /ip/ becomes [jip], and so forth.
- ^ Character example with initial [w]. In absent of initial, /u/ pronounced with [w] becomes [wu], /ui/ becomes [wui], /un/ becomes [wun], /ut/ becomes {{IPA|[wut]}.
- ^ Character example with initial [j]. In absent of initial, /y/ pronounced with [j] becomes [jy], /yn/ becomes [jyn], /yt/ becomes [jyt].
[edit] Initials
Initials are made up of consonants. Most of characters are preceding finals with initials while some characters are pronounced without initials. There are 19 initials in total.
Unlike English language, Standard Cantonese is absent of voiced-voiceless contrast. Instead, aspirated-unaspirated contrast plays an important role in distinguishing meanings. Since there is no voiced plosive and affricative consonants in Standard Cantonese, the scheme make use of these unused voiced symbols for unaspirated.
In modern Standard Cantonese, all non-nasal initial consonants are voiceless. However, there are many contrasting aspirated and unaspirated pairs of such initial consonants. The S. L. Wong system uses /b/ in the broad transcription to represent the phoneme written /p/ (also written /b̥/, "devoiced b") in narrow transcriptions, and uses /p/ in the broad system to represent the phoneme written /pʰ/ in the narrow system. The difference between /d/ and /t/, or /g/ and /k/, etc. is similarly a difference in aspiration and not in voicing.
One particular aspect of the S. L. Wong system is the differentiation of the fricative and affricative initials into (/s/ /ts/ /dz/) and (/s2/ /ts2/ /dz2/) respectively to reflect the difference in Putonghua between (/x/ /q/ /j/) and (/s/ /c/ /z/), even though it was acknowledged that (/s2/ /ts2/ /dz2/) are "duplicates" of (/s/ /ts/ /dz/) and are pronounced exactly the same in modern Standard Cantonese.
[edit] Single articulation
[edit] Coarticulation
| s | Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative |
| w | Voiced labialized velar approximant |
| gw | Aspirated voiceless labialized velar (labial-velar) plosive |
| kw | Unaspirated voiceless labialized velar (labial-velar) plosive |
[edit] Affricates
| Unaspirated | aspirated | Description |
|---|---|---|
| dz | ts | voiceless alveolar affricate |
| dz | ts | voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| dz | ts | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
[edit] Summary
| Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | (none) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manner of articulation ↓ | Bilabial | Labio‐ dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post‐ alveolar |
alveolo‐ palatal |
Palatal | Velar | labial‐ velar |
Glottal | ||
| Nasal | voiced | [m] 嗎 | [n] 拿 | [ŋ] 牙 | ||||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | unaspirated | [b] 巴 | [d] 打 | [g] 家 | [gw] 瓜 | ||||||
| aspirated | [p] 扒 | [t] 他 | [k] 卡 | [kw] 誇 | ||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | unaspirated | [dz] 資 [dz2] 揸 | |||||||||
| aspirated | [ts] 雌 [dz2] 差 | |||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | [f] 花 | [s] 思 [s2] 沙 | [h] 蝦 | ||||||||
| Approximant | voiced | [j] 也 | [w] 華 | |||||||||
| Lateral‐ Approximant |
voiced | [l] 拉 | ||||||||||
- ^ In Standard Cantonese, [dz] in scheme is the allophone of [ts], [tʃ] and [tɕ] in IPA; [ts] is the allophone of [tsʰ], [tʃʰ] and [tɕʰ]; [s] is the allophone of [s], [ʃ] and [ɕ]. Wong noted the [ts2], [dz2], [s2] are allophones to [ts], [dz], [s] in Standard Cantonese and made distinctions for comparative purpose only. They are not used for transcription.
- ^ For aspiration, [p] in the scheme is for [pʰ] in IPA and [b] for [p]; [t] for [tʰ] and [d] for [t]; [k] for [kʰ] and [g] for [k]; [kw] for [kʷʰ] and [gw] for [kʷ];[ts] for [tsʰ], [tʃʰ] and [tɕʰ] and [dz] for [ts], [tʃ] and [tɕ].
- ^ For labialisation, [kw] is for [kʷʰ] and [gw] for [kʷ].
[edit] Tones
There are basically 9 tones in Standard Cantonese. Tones play an important role to distinguish meanings in Cantonese. Tones also forms melodies in poem and prose composition.
In classical Chinese, four basic tones are the level (平 ˌp‘iŋ), the rising (上 ˏsœŋ), the going (去 ˉhœy) and the entering (入 ˍjɐp). The entering is not turely a special tone but a syllabus ends with [p], [t] and [k] that shows short in quality of other tones.
In Cantonese, the tones are further divided into upper and lower of the level, the rising and the going. The entering tone divided into upper entering, middle entering and lower entering. The upper entering is the same tone as upper level; middle entering as upper going; lower entering as lower going.
There are two ways to mark tones in the scheme. One is by number and another by marks. One's corresponding contour based on Yuen Ren Chao scheme in later studies is given in the second line.
| level | rising | going | entering | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper | ˈx (1) 55 / 53 |
ˈx (7) 55 |
upper | ||
| ˊx (2) 35 |
ˉx (3) 33 |
ˉx (8) 33 |
middle | ||
| lower | ˏx (5) 13 |
ˍx (6) 22 |
ˍx (9) 22 |
lower | |
| ˌx (4) 21 / 11 |
While the system uses 1 to 9 as tone numbers, some adaptations use 1 to 6 system, i.e. replacing 7, 8, 9 with 1, 3, 6 correspondingly.
Some dictionaries use slightly different tone symbols. For example, in –jyt 'jɐm –dziŋ –duk –dzi –wɐi (粵音正讀字彙), a superscript + is used to represent the tone contour 55, and the symbol √ replaces the original tone symbol / “to improve legibility”.
[edit] Examples
There is no single syllable with 9 tones. Here uses the syllable /fɐn/ for level, rising and going tones and /sik/ for entering tones as an example.
| tone | upper level | upper rising | upper going | lower level | lower rising | lower going | upper entering | middle entering | lower entering |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| example | 分 | 粉 | 訓 | 焚 | 奮 | 份 | 惜 | 錫 | 食 |
| tone mark | /ˈfɐn/ | /ˊfɐn/ | /ˉfɐn/ | /ˌfɐn/ | /ˏfɐn/ | /ˍfɐn/ | /ˈsik/ | /ˉsik/ | /ˍsik/ |
| number mark | /fɐn1/ | /fɐn2/ | /fɐn3/ | /fɐn4/ | /fɐn5/ | /fɐn6/ | /sik7/ | /sik8/ | /sik9/ |
[edit] References
- Wong, S. L. (1941). A CHINESE SYLLABARY PRONOUNCED ACCORDING TO THE DIALECT OF CANTON. Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Co.,(H.K.) Ltd..
