Second National Government of New Zealand
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The Second National Government of New Zealand was the government of New Zealand from 1960 to 1972. It was a conservative government which sought mainly to preserve the economic prosperity and general stability of the early 1960s. It was one of New Zealand's longest-serving governments.
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[edit] Significant policies
[edit] Economic policy
- Compulsory unionism abolished.
- Negotiated continued access to United Kingdom markets following the UK's acceptance into the European Economic Community.
[edit] Treaty of Waitangi and Maori policy
- Responded to the increasing urbanisation of the Māori people with a policy of cultural assimilation, which aimed to integrate Māori into Pākehā lifestyles. This policy included the abolition of the Native School system in 1969.
- Amended the Waitangi Day Act 1960 to make Waitangi Day a public holiday in the Northland Region.
[edit] Foreign affairs
- New Zealand troops committed to the defence of Malaysia in the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation.
- Committed a small number of New Zealand troops to the Vietnam War.
- Re-established compulsory military training.
[edit] Constitutional
- Appointed the first New Zealand born Governor-General in 1967 (Sir Arthur Porritt) and the first New Zealand born and New Zealand resident Governor-General, Sir Denis Blundell in 1972.
- Voting age lowered to 20, from 21.
[edit] Formation
The key issue of the 1960 election was the 'Black Budget' of 1958, in which the Labour government had raised taxes on alcohol, petrol and cigarettes. Although the government argued that it was necessary to address a balance of payments crisis, National continually attacked the government for it, and most historians consider that it lost Labour the election after only one term in office. Another, less important factor, may have been the age of Labour's leadership. Prime Minister Walter Nash was 78 in 1960, and had been Finance Minister in the first Labour government 25 years earlier. Voters probably considered him and many of his team old and out of touch in contrast with National leader Keith Holyoake, who in 1960 was only in his mid 50s.
[edit] The 1963 election
In many ways the 1963 election was a re-run of the 1960 election. No new major issues had arisen, and Labour continued to be damaged by the 'Black Budget' of 1958. Although five years had passed since the budget, its architect, Arnold Nordmeyer, was now Labour Party leader following the retirement of Nash earlier in 1963. Voters continued to associate Nordmeyer, and therefore the party, with the unpopular budget. It is normal for governments to lose some support during their term, but National's share of the popular vote was only 0.5% less than in 1960, and it lost only one seat, retaining a majority of 10.
[edit] The 1966 election
Shortly before the 1966 election, Labour had replaced Nordmeyer as leader with Norman Kirk, but Kirk had insufficient time to consolidate his position and the party was damaged by this and division over economic policy. The main difference between the parties in terms of policy was commitment to the Vietnam War. The National government had committed a small number of troops, seeing support for American wars as a necessary payment for America's commitment (through the ANZUS pact) to protect New Zealand. Labour was opposed to New Zealand involvement in the war and made troop recall a major platform. However the strongest anti-war sentiment was probably amongst young people, and at this stage the voting age was 21. The election resulted in National losing 3.5% of the popular vote, and one seat, to Social Credit. This marked the first time since 1943 that a seat had been won by a party other than Labour or National.
[edit] The 1969 election
Before the 1969 election the voting age was lowered from 21 to 20, and the number of electorates was increased from 80 to 84, to reflect population growth. These changes seem to have benefited National, as its share of the popular vote rose by 1.6% and it regained the seat it had lost (Hobson) to Social Credit. This is a rare example of a government increasing its share of the vote while in power.
[edit] Defeat
Like Labour in 1960, National in 1972 appeared old, worn-out and out of touch. Holyoake's retirement in favour of deputy Jack Marshall did little to revitalise the party, as Marshall lacked the charisma of Labour leader Norman Kirk. The government was defeated less on any particular policy than on a general feeling that, as Labour's campaign material put it, it was time for a change.
[edit] Electoral results
| Election | Parliament | Seats | Total votes | Percentage | Gain (loss) | Seats won | Change | Majority |
| 1960 | 33rd | 80 | 1,170,503 | 47.6% | +3.4% | 46 | +7 | 12 |
| 1963 | 34th | 80 | 1,198,045 | 47.1% | -0.5% | 45 | -1 | 10 |
| 1966 | 35th | 80 | 1,205,095 | 43.6% | -3.5% | 44 | -1 | 8 |
| 1969 | 36th | 84 | 45.2% | +1.6% | 45 | +1 | 6 | |
| 1972 | 37th | 87 | 41.5% | -7% | 32 | -13 | - |
[edit] Prime Ministers
Keith Holyoake was Prime Minister for almost the entire term of this government. Early in 1972 he resigned, and was replaced by Jack Marshall.
[edit] Cabinet Ministers
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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. This article has been tagged since January 2007. |
| Ministry | Minister | Term(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Deputy Prime Minister | Jack Marshall | 1960 - 1972 |
| Robert Muldoon | 1972 | |
| Minister of Finance | Harry Lake | 1960 - 1967 |
| Robert Muldoon | 1967 - 1972 | |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Keith Holyoake | 1960 - 1972 |
| Jack Marshall | 1972 | |
| Minister of Māori Affairs | Ralph Hanan | 1960 - 1969 |
| Duncan MacIntyre | 1969 - 1972 | |
| Minister of Railways | John McAlpine | 1960 - 1966 |
| John Gordon | 1966 - 1972 |
[edit] References
[edit] See also
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