Sigurd
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Sigurd (Old Norse: Sigurðr, German: Siegfried) was a legendary hero of Norse mythology, as well as the central character in the Völsunga saga. The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictoral form from seven runestones in Sweden[1] and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the Gök Runestone (11th century).
As Siegfried, he is the hero in the German Nibelungenlied, and Richard Wagner's operas Siegfried and Götterdämmerung.
The name Sigurðr is an Icelandic or Norwegian corruption of the German Siegfried as the correct Old Norse would have been Sigruþr (Sigröd), a form which appears in the Ramsund carving that depicts the legend[2].
Contents |
[edit] The Völsunga saga
| Volsung Cycle |
|---|
| Volsunga saga |
| Poetic Edda |
| Norna-Gests þáttr |
| Þiðrekssaga |
| Artifacts |
| Andvarinaut |
| Gram |
| Dwarves |
| Andvari |
| Hreidmar |
| Otr |
| Regin |
| Dragon |
| Fafnir |
| People |
| Volsung |
| Sigmund |
| Signy |
| Sinfjötli |
| Helgi Hundingsbane |
| Sigurd |
| Brynhild |
| Gudrun |
| Attila |
| Gunnar |
| Locations |
| Gautland |
| Hunaland |
| Related |
| Nibelungenlied |
| Hagbard and Signy |
In the Völsunga saga, Sigurd is the posthumous son of Sigmund and his second wife, Hiordis. Sigmund dies in battle when he attacks Odin, and Odin shatters Sigmund's sword. Dying, Sigmund tells Hiordis of her pregnancy and bequeaths the fragments of his sword to his unborn son.
Hiordis marries King Alf, and Alf sends Sigurd to Regin as a fosterling. Regin tempts Sigurd to greed and violence by first asking Sigurd if he has control over Sigmund's gold. When Sigurd says that Alf and his family control the gold and will give him anything he desires, Regin asks Sigurd why he consents to a lowly position at court. Sigurd replies that he is treated as an equal by the kings and can get anything he desires. Then Regin asks Sigurd why he acts as stableboy to the kings and has no horse of his own. Sigurd then goes to get a horse. An old man (Odin in disguise) advises Sigurd on choice of horse, and in this way Sigurd gets Grani, a horse derived from Odin's own Sleipnir.
Finally, Regin tempts Sigurd by telling him the story of the Otter's Gold. Regin's father was Hreidmar, and his brothers were Fafnir and Ótr. Regin was a natural at smithing, and Otr was natural at swimming. Otr used to swim at Andvari's waterfall, where the dwarf Andvari lived. Andvari often assumed the form of a pike and swam in the pool.
One day, the Æsir saw Otr with a fish on the banks, thought him an otter, and Loki killed him. They took the carcass to the nearby home of Hreidmar to display their catch. Hreidmar, Fafnir, and Regin seized the Æsir and demanded compensation for the death of Otr. The compensation was to stuff the body with gold and cover the skin with gold. Loki got the net from the sea giantess Rán, caught Andvari (as a pike), and demanded all of the dwarf's gold. Andvari gave the gold, except for a ring. Loki took this ring, too, although it carried a curse of death on its bearer. The Æsir stuffed Otr's body with gold and covered its skin in gold and covered the last exposed place (a whisker) with the ring of Andvari. Afterward, Fafnir killed Hreidmar and took the gold.
Sigurd agrees to kill Fafnir, who has turned himself into a dragon in order to be better able to guard the gold. Sigurd has Regin make him a sword, which he tests by striking the anvil. The sword shatters, so he has Regin make another. This also shatters. Finally, Sigurd has Regin make a sword out of the fragments that had been left to him by Sigmund. The resulting sword, Gram, cuts through the anvil. To kill Fafnir the dragon, Regin advises him to dig a pit, wait for Fafnir to walk over it, and then stab the dragon. An old man (Odin) advises Sigurd to dig several trenches also to drain the blood, and to bathe in it after killing the dragon; bathing in Fafnir's blood confers invulnerability. Sigurd does so and kills Fafnir; Sigurd then bathes in the dragon's blood, which touches all of his body except part of his shoulder where a leaf has stuck. Regin then asks Sigurd to give him Fafnir's heart. Sigurd tastes Fafnir's blood and gains the power to understand the language of birds. Birds advise him to kill Regin, since Regin is plotting Sigurd's death. Sigurd beheads Regin, roasts Fafnir's heart, and consumes part of it. This gives him the gift of "wisdom" (prophecy).
Sigurd met Brynhildr, a "shieldmaiden," after killing Fafnir. She pledges herself to him but also prophecies his doom and marriage to another. (In Völsunga saga, it is not clear that Brynhild is a Valkyrie or in any way supernatural.)
Sigurd went to the court of Heimar, who was married to Bekkhild, sister of Brynhild, and then to the court of Gjúki, where he came to live. Gjuki had three sons and one daughter by his wife, Grimhild. The sons were Gunnar, Hogni and Guttorm, and the daughter was Gudrun. Grimhild made an "Ale of Forgetfulness" to make Sigurd forget Brynhild, and he then married Gudrun. Later, Gunnar wanted to court Brynhild. Brynhild's bower was surrounded by flames, and she promised herself only to the man daring enough to go through them. Only Grani, Sigurd's horse, would do it, and only with Sigurd on it. Sigurd exchanged shapes with Gunnar, rode through the flames, and won Brynhild for Gunnar.
Some time later, Brynhild taunted Gudrun for having a better husband, and Gudrun explained all that had passed to Brynhild and explained the deception. For having been deceived and cheated of the husband she had desired, Brynhild plots revenge. First, she refuses to speak to anyone and withdraws. Eventually, Sigurd was sent by Gunnar to see what was wrong, and Brynhild accuses Sigurd of taking liberties with her. Gunnar and Hogni plot Sigurd's death and enchant their brother, Guttorm, to a frenzy to accomplish the deed. Guttorm kills Sigurd in bed, and Brynhild kills Sigurd's three year old son. Brynhild then wills herself to die, and a funeral pyre is built for Guttorm (killed by Sigurd), Sigurd, Brynhild, and Sigurd's son. Sigurd and Brynhild had the daughter Aslaug who married Ragnar Lodbrok.
[edit] By Thidrekssaga
The Old Norse Thidrekssaga relates a slightly different tale, with Regin as the dragon and Mimir as his brother and foster father to Siegfried. In this version, King Sigmund returns home from travel to learn of accusations of his wife's illicit relations with a menial. He orders her tongue to be cut out in the forest as punishment. During execution of the order, she secretly births a child and places it in a glass vessel which falls into a river and travels downstream. It is found by a doe who nurses the young child, who is then subsequently found by a wise smith of the forest, Mimir who names him Siegfried and takes him as his own. But growing large and willful, Mimir gets rid of him by conspiring with his brother, Regin, a dragon, to kill him. But Siegfried slays the dragon and then slays his unloyal father. [3]
[edit] Illustration
The Ramsund carving depicts
- how Sigurd is sitting naked in front of the fire preparing the dragon heart, from Fafnir, for his foster-father Regin, who is Fafnir's brother. The heart is not yet fully roasted, and when Sigurd touches it, he burns himself and sticks his finger into his mouth. As he has tasted dragon blood (some blood was on the heart), he starts to understand the birds' song.
- The birds say that Regin will not keep his promise of reconciliation and will try to kill Sigurd, which causes Sigurd to cut off Regin's head.
- Regin is dead beside his own head, his smithing tools with which he reforged Sigurd's sword Gram are scattered around him, and
- Regin's horse is laden with the dragon's treasure.
- is the previous event when Sigurd killed Fafnir, and
- shows Otr from the saga's beginning.
[edit] Parallels in other legends
There are parallels in several European myths and legends.
The sword Sigmund draws from Branstock is similar to the sword drawn by King Arthur from the stone.
The story of Sigurd eating the heart of the dragon is very similar to the Irish story of Fionn mac Cumhail eating the salmon of knowledge.
Sigurd's invulnerability and his weak point are similar to those of the Greek hero Achilles , the Persian hero Esfandyar, and the Duryodhana story of India's Mahabharata epic.
[edit] Cultural impact
The Norwegian royal family claimed descent from Sigurd and the Volsungs. Furthermore, because dragons were seen as symbols of Satan in medieval typologies, the story of Sigurd slaying Fafnir was often depicted in Christian churches in Scandinavia.
[edit] Adaptations of the legend
The best-known adaptation of the Sigurd legend is Richard Wagner's cycle of music dramas Der Ring des Nibelungen. The Sigurd legend is the basis of Siegfried and contributes the stories of Die Walküre and Götterdämmerung.
In 1884 the French composer Ernest Reyer wrote the lesser-known opera Sigurd, which has the benefit of condensing the story into one evening, with equally stirring music.
The illustrator Arthur Rackham drew 70 vibrant renderings of the story for the book Siegfried & The Twilight of the Gods, translated by Margaret Armour (1910).
William Morris's epic poem Sigurd the Volsung is a major retelling of the story in English verse.
Modern retellings/distillations of the legend are found in James Baldwin's Story of Siegfried and the Sci Fi Channel's Dark Kingdom: The Dragon King.
While not straight adaptations, elements of the legend were likely borrowed by J. R. R. Tolkien in The Lord of the Rings (a special golden ring and a shattered sword which is reforged), as well as in the story of Túrin Turambar from The Silmarillion (specifically in the slaying of Glaurung the dragon).
Namco adapted the legend for the game Soul Calibur in which Siegfried, a German knight who murdered his own father, wields the unholy sword Soul Edge, and transforms into Nightmare, whose right arm resembles that of a dragon. Also, in certain games, Siegfried/Nightmare has an optional sword named Glam, a mistranslation of Gram, Sigurd's own mighty sword.
Sigfried is also the name of a minor villain character of the anime Saint Seiya. In the second story-arc of the series, Seiya and the other Saints of Athena must battle against the God warriors of Odin whose most powerful warrior is named Siegfried.
[edit] Notes
- ^ An article at the Museum of Foteviken, Sweden, retrieved January 19, 2007.
- ^ Brate, E. (1922). Sveriges runinskrifter. p. 126.
- ^ Rank, Otto. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. Vintage Books: New York, 1932, p. 56-59.
[edit] See also
