Stanisław Kopański

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Stanisław Kopański
Rank	Generał dywizji
Born	May 19, 1895 St. Petersburg, Russia
Died	March 23, 1976 London, England
Career
Profession:	professional officer and engineer
In service since:	1917
Medals

Gen.dyw. Stanisław Kopański (1895-1976) was a Polish military commander. One of the best-educated Polish officers of the time,^[1] he served with distinction in World War II. He is best known as the creator and commander of the Polish Independent Carpathian Brigade and Polish 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division.

Contents 1 Biography 2 Notable Awards 3 Bibliography 4 Notes and references

[edit] Biography

Stanisław Kopański was born May 19, 1895, in Sankt Petersburg, capital of Imperial Russia. In 1905 he enrolled in a local Polish gymnasium (high school), where he graduated upon passing his matura examinations. Afterward he matriculated in a local Institute of Civil Engineering, but his studies were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I.

In 1914 he was drafted into the Russian Army. He graduated from the Mikhail's School of Artillery and served on the war's eastern front in the 3rd battery of the Russian 2nd Cavalry Division. After the February Revolution, he left the Russian army and joined the Polish 1st Corps, being formed in Russia as part of Entente forces. Demobilized after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, he left for Warsaw (then still occupied by the Central Powers), where he planned to enter the reopened Warsaw University to complete his education.

He was unable to realize his plans, however, as Poland regained her independence in November 1918 and immediately became engaged in the Polish-Ukrainian War. The Polish Army badly needed experienced officers, and Kopański joined the 1st Uhlans Regiment, with which he fought in the battles of Przemyśl, Gródek Jagielloński and Lwów.

At the end of hostilities, Kopański remained in the army and fought in the opening stages of the Polish-Bolshevik War in the Lida and Wilno areas, in the forces of Col. Władysław Belina-Prażmowski. On April 20, 1919, during the fighting in Wilno, he was badly wounded and lost his left eye. Following a brief hospitalization, he returned to active service, this time as commander of the Artillery NCO School in Warsaw.

However, Kopański requested to be sent back to the front and in September 1919 became commander of the 1st Mounted Artillery Detachment. In 1920 he joined the 8th Uhlans Regiment, with which he took part in the famous battles of Komarów and Tyszowce. In October 1920 he was awarded the Silver Cross of Virtuti Militari, Poland's highest military decoration.

After the peace of Riga he was demobilized and allowed to finally finish his engineering studies, this time at the Warsaw University of Technology. However, in 1923 he returned to service and became the deputy commander of the Artillery Officers School in Toruń. Promoted to the rank of Major in 1924, he held that post until 1927. In October of that year he was dispatched to Paris, where he commenced his studies at the famous Ecole Superieure de Guerre, one of the most notable military academies of the time. After a brief service in the French School for Artillery Officers, he returned to Poland, where he became the commander of the 3rd Detachment of the General Staff (Operational). In May of 1930 he became the commanding officer of one of the battalions within the 6th Heavy Artillery Regiment stationed in Lwów, but resumed his post in the General Staff a year later. In early 1935 he became the deputy commander of armoured troops and, after additional two years of service there, he became the commanding officer of the Stryj-based Polish 1st Regiment of Self-propelled Artillery, the most technologically-advanced Polish artillery unit of the time. On March 13, 1939, in the course of the Polish secret mobilization, Kopański became the head of the 3rd Detachment of the General Staff and six days later he was promoted to the rank of Colonel.

After the outbreak of the Polish Defensive War, Kopański remained in the staff of Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły. Together with it he was evacuated from Warsaw on September 6, 1939, to Polish temporary headquarters in Brześć nad Bugiem. However, due to fast pace of German advance, the headquarters had to be evacuated further southwards and through Młynów, Kołomyja and Kosów arrived to the town of Kuty, from where it was to organize the defence of the so-called Romanian Bridgehead. However, the Soviet invasion of Poland of September 17, 1939 made that plan obsolete and Kopański was evacuated to Romania, country which at that time was allied with Poland. There, at both German and French insistence, the Polish highest authorities were interned by the Romanians. However, most of the soldiers interned in prisoner of war camps were able to escape with secret consent of the Romanian authorities and so Kopański fled the Călimănesti internment camp. Through Bucharest and Constanţa he arrived to France in late October of 1939.

There Stanisław Kopański applied for a post in one of the Polish units being formed in France and Great Britain at that time. However, initially the Polish government in exile of Władysław Sikorski held most high-ranking officers of pre-war Polish Army in reserve and instead gave command of the newly-formed units to officers who actively opposed the Sanacja authorities before the lost campaign. It was not until April 5, 1940, that Kopański was finally given command over the Polish Carpathian Brigade, at that time being formed in Homs on the border between French-held Syria and Lebanon. The unit, modelled after the French units of the time, was composed mostly of Polish soldiers who were able to escape prisoner of war camps in Hungary and Romania and make it to Allied-controlled territory, much like Kopański himself. On April 12, 1940 the brigade was officially formed and the new unit instantly entered the ranks of the French Armee de Levant. As a unit specializing in mountain warfare, the brigade was thought of as a Polish contribution to the Allied plan of landing in the Balkans. It was modelled after a standard French mountain infantry brigade. Although new recruits arrived on a daily basis, the brigade did not reached the planned numbers of 208 officers and 6840 soldiers and NCO's.^[2]

After the capitulation of France and breaking all pacts that country had with Poland and the United Kingdom, the commander of the Armee de Levant General Eugene Mittelhauser decided to support the new government of Philippe Pétain and to Vichy France. He ordered the brigade to be disarmed and has taken Kopański as a hostage. However, due to strong opposition within his own staff, he has set him free the following day. Kopański then followed the orders of Gen. Sikorski and has left the French-controlled territory. On June 30, 1940 the brigade defected to British Mandate of Palestine, where it joined the British forces stationed there. It was the only large military unit of Levant to defect in order and as a complete unit, with all of its equipment.

Initially composed of 319 officers and 3437 soldiers, it was soon reinforced to roughly 5000 men. Among the distinctive features of the unit was a high morale of the soldiers, all of whom were volunteers. In addition, roughly 25% were educated, a thing uncommon in European armies of the time. Kopański continued to train his men in mountain warfare, but also in warfare in desert conditions, completely alien to Polish soldiers. Finally, in August of 1941 it was moved by sea from Palestine to the besieged town of Tobruk, where the unit took part in the final 4 months of the siege. After the siege was lifted on December 10, the brigade joined the British forces in their pursuit of the withdrawing Italo-German armies and fought in the battle of Gazala. On April 21, 1942, after more than two years in constant service, Kopański was given a three weeks leave in London. However, on the day of his arrival there he was appointed by Gen. Sikorski the commander of the newly-formed Polish 3rd Carpathian Infantry Division. He organized that division out of his former unit and newly-arrived soldiers of the Polish II Corps of General Władysław Anders, who have been liberated from the Soviet Gulags and then evacuated to Persia and Palestine. His new division was prepared and trained to take part in the planned Allied invasion of Italy.

However, shortly before the invasion commenced, on July 21, 1943 Kopański was withdrawn to London, where he was appointed the Polish Chief of Staff. A skilled front-line officer, Kopański did not have much work "behind the desk". Especially that most of the Polish units were fighting under Polish command, but as part of Allied fronts and armies. Because of that on October 20, 1944 Kopański filed his resignation with the President of Poland Władysław Raczkiewicz. However, the president did not accept his resignation and instead Kopański was promoted to the rank of Division General two days later. He remained the chief of staff of the Polish Army until the end of World War II. After the war, the Allied governments withdrew their support for the Polish government and the Polish forces were transformed into the Polish Resettlement Corps, a paramilitary organization designed to allow the Polish veterans unwilling to return to Communist-dominated Poland to find jobs and homes in the western countries. Kopański became the commander of the corps in 1946 and on September 26 of that year was deprived of Polish citizenship by the Communists.

After the corps had been disbanded in 1949, Kopański settled in the United Kingdom. He remained an active member of the Polish government in exile and until 1970 held the honorary title of the Chief of General Staff. On May 13 of that year his office was disbanded and transformed into the office of the General Inspector of Polish Armed Forces in Exile. The post, despite its name, was connected mostly with historical activity and Kopański focused on supporting various social and economic veteran associations. He also collaborated with the Sikorski Institute.^[3] Between 1970 and 1973 he was also a member of the Council of Three, collegial body created by the Polish Government in Exile in 1954 with prerogatives of the President of Poland. Stanisław Kopański has also written a number of books and memoirs. On November 23, 1971 the Communist authorities of Poland declared their decision to deprive Gen. Kopański of citizenship null and void; this however was never made public. He died March 23, 1976 in London and was buried at the Northwood Cemetery.

[edit] Notable Awards

• Virtuti Militari (rank 5th and 4th)
• Order of Polonia Restituta (rank 1st and 4th)
• Golden Krzyż Zasługi with swords
• Krzyż Walecznych (twice)
• Order of the Bath (CB)
• Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
• Distinguished Service Order (DSO)
• French Legion of Honour (5th class)
• Croix de Guerre with palm leaves

[edit] Bibliography

• Stanisław Kopański: Wspomnienia wojenne 1939-1945 (1961)
• Stanisław Kopański: Moja Służba w Wojsku Polskim 1917-1939 (1965)

[edit] Notes and references