Surf culture
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Surf culture is the culture surrounding the sport of modern surfing. Originating early in the 20th century, its largest growth was during the 1950s and 1960s. It continues to evolve, spread, and grow to this day. The basis of surf culture involves primarily the love of surfing, the hunt for great waves, and life in and around the ocean, as well as a wide range of others ways in which surfing might affect parts of a devotee's life, including fashion, music preferences, literature, films, jargon, etc. In addition, localism or territorialism is often large part of surf culture. Today, surfers come from all walks of life and from nearly every coastline where waves break in the world, making them difficult to stereotype.
[edit] Lifestyle
If there is one fair generalisation concerning the sport, it is the fanatical enthusiasm of its devotees. The fickle nature of weather and the ocean, plus the great desire for the best possible types of waves for surfing, have always made surfers slaves to rapidly changing conditions. Surfing Magazine, founded in the 1960s when surfing had gained popularity with teenagers, used to say that if they were hard at work and someone yelled "Surf's up!" the office would suddenly be empty. Also, since surfing has a restricted geographical necessity (i.e. the coast), the culture of beach life often influenced surfers and vice versa. Aspects of 1960s surf culture in Southern California, where it was first popularized, include the woodie, bikinis and other beach wear, such as boardshorts or baggies, and surf music. Surfers developed the skateboard to be able to "surf" on land; and the number of boardsports and spin-offs has grown ever since. Also, surfing (particularly in Southern California) has its own slang, which has coincided with Valspeak. Words like "tubular" and "gnarly" are associated with both.
Surfers have often been associated with being slackers or beach bums. Though this is hardly a proper generalization today, since surfers come from all walks of life, the basis of the stereotype comes from that same over-whelming enthusiasm, sometimes bordering on addiction, that surfers can have for their sport. Along with the rarity of truly perfect surf conditions (plus the bliss that is associated with them) and the inevitable hunt for great waves, surfers often become dedicated to their sport in a way that precludes a more traditional life in a capitalistic society. Surfing instead, becomes their lifestyle.
This has left a long history of surfers veering off the beaten path, and foregoing the traditional goals of first world culture in the hunt for a continual stoke, in harmony with life, their surfing, and the ocean. This is part of the definition of a "soul surfer" whose goals are certainly not that of every person who indulges in the sport, but a vibrant and long-standing sub-group.
Competitive surf culture (centered around surf contests and endorsement deals) is often seen in opposition to this, since it embraces more traditional capitalistic ideals. Since its inception there has always been debate about whether or not surfing for money and prizes is truly compatible with the surfing lifestyle. Though this debate has lessened in recent decades, since many of today's pro-surfers, seem to be able to straddle both worlds: the competitive surfer and "free surfer".
The historic surf village of Pleasure Point, Santa Cruz, California, is a good example of a place devoted to the surfing lifestyle
[edit] Localism
Even though waves break everywhere along a coast, truly great surf spots are rare. A surf break that forms great surfable waves may easily become a coveted commodity, especially if the wave only breaks there rarely. If this break is near a large population center with many surfers, territorialism often arrises. Regular surfers who live near to a good surf break may often guard it jealously, hence the expression "locals only"; or as the rock group The Surf Punks put it, "my beach, my wave, my girl, Go Home!". The expression "Surf Nazi" appeared in the 1980s to describe territorial and authoritarian surfers. Localism is expressed when surfers are involved in verbal or physical threats or abuse to deter people from surfing at certain surf spots. This is backed by the belief that fewer people equals more waves per surfer. Other surfers, however, sometimes known as "soul surfers", hold less aggressive views towards others. These surfers see surfing as more than a sport; it is an opportunity to harness the waves and to relax and forget about their daily routines.
[edit] Big Wave Culture
A non-competitive adventure activity involving riding the biggest waves possible (known as "rhino hunting") is also popular with some surfers. A practice popularized in the 1990s has seen big wave surfing revolutionized, as surfers use personal watercraft to tow them out to a position where they can catch previously unrideable waves (see tow-in surfing). These waves were previously unrideable due to the speed at which they travel. Some waves reach speeds of over 60 km/h; personal watercraft enable surfers to reach the speed of the wave thereby making them rideable. Personal watercraft not only allow surfers to ride these waves but allow them to survive wipeouts. In many instances surfers would not survive the battering of the "sets" (groups of waves together). This spectacular activity is extremely popular with television crews, but because such waves rarely occur in heavily populated regions, and usually only a very long way out to sea on outer reefs, few spectators see such events directly.
[edit] Issues Affecting Surfers
Global warming, environmental damage, and increasing riparian development may continue to increase pressure on the sport. Oil spills and toxic algae growth can threaten surfing regions. And, many wealthy homeowners have tried to prevent free access to beaches in violation of English and American common law traditions, in which "the strand" is not private property.
Some of these stresses may be overcome by building of artificial reefs for surfing. Several have been built in recent years (one is at Cables in Western Australia), and there is widespread enthusiasm in the global surfing community for additional projects. However, environmental opposition and rigorous coastal permitting regulations is dampening prospects for building such reefs in some countries, such as the United States.
[edit] Spirituality
Australian surfer Nat Young tried to register surfing as a religion, but to no avail. Many surfers combine their love of the sport with their own spiritual beliefs. In Huntington Beach, California for example, a local Christian, non-denominational church occasionally meets on the beach for Sunday early-morning services. After the closing prayer, the minister and his congregation paddle out for a morning session. In addition, many surfing communities organize and take part in memorial services for fallen surfers, sometimes on the anniversary of passing such as the Eddie Aikau memorial service held annually at Waimea Bay, Hawaii. Participants in the memorial service paddle out to a suitable location with flower leis around their necks or with loose flowers (sometimes held between their teeth)., The participants then get into a circular formation, hold hands, and silently pray. Sometimes they will raise their clasped hands skyward before tossing their flowers or leis into the center of the ring. Afterward, they paddle back toward the beach to begin their surf session. Often these services take place at sunrise or sunset. In locations with a pier, such as Huntington Beach, Orange County, California, the service can take place near the end of the pier so that any non-surfers, such as elderly relatives, can watch and participate. Often the participants on the pier will throw down bouquets of flowers into the center of the ring.
[edit] Quotes About Surfing
- "It's just the best way to start your day. People who surf, they know the object is to have fun. You work hard, but you work hard to have fun." - Cynthia Derosier
- "I could not help concluding this man had the most supreme pleasure while he was driven so fast and so smoothly by the sea." - James Cook
- "In one place we came upon a large company of naked natives, of both sexes and all ages, amusing themselves with the national pastime of surf-bathing. Each heathen would paddle three or four hundred yards out to sea (taking a short board with him), then face the shore and wait for a particularly prodigious billow to come along; at the right moment he would fling his board upon its foamy crest and himself upon the board, and here he would come whizzing by like a bombshell!" - Mark Twain
- "Surfing wasn't about money back then. Surfers always lived cheaply and scraped by." - Mark Cunningham
- "It's a culmination of your life of surfing when you turn and paddle in at Mavericks." - Jeff Clark
- "It's all about where your mind's at." - Kelly Slater
- "Your done, once you're a surfer you're done. You're in. It's like the mob or something. You're not getting out." - Kelly Slater (from Step Into Liquid)
- "None but natives ever master the art of surf-bathing thoroughly." - Mark Twain
- "The idea that an individual can find God is terribly self-centered. It is like a wave thinking it can find the sea." - Sir John Templeton
- "It was so big [the wave], it didn't even know we were there." [1] - Daniel Webber
- "Surfing soothes me, it's always been a kind of Zen experience for me. The ocean is so magnificent, peaceful, and awesome. The rest of the world disappears for me when I'm on a wave." - Paul Walker
- "How would you like to stand like a God before the crest of a monster billow, always rushing to the bottom of a hill and never reaching its base, and to come rushing in for a half mile at express speed, in graceful attitude, until you reach the beach and step easily from the wave?" - Duke Kahanamoku
- "Out of the water, I am nothing." - Duke Kahanamoku
- "Wipe Out" Surfaris
- "Sometimes in the morning, when it's a good surf, I go out there, and I don't feel like it's a bad world." - Kary Mullis
- "If you direct your attention to the position of a bird with regard to the wave surface, it will speedily be noticed to be nearly always on the rising side or face of the wave and moving apparently at right angles to the wave's course, but really diagonal to it." - Lawrence Hargrave
- "I tried body surfing once, but how often do you find a corpse?" - Emo Philips
- "You will never hear surf music again." - Jimi Hendrix
- "Then, after I've gotten rid of Batman and Robin for good, I will rule the waves. Me, the Joker, king of the surf and all the surfers. Then, Gotham City! Later, the world!" - The Joker from Batman
- "There is that desire to go surf the waves by yourself, just you and nature and I will never do it again, never." - Davis Bunn
- "Give us back our suffering, we cry to Heaven in our hearts— suffering rather than indifferentism; for out of nothing comes nothing. But out of suffering may come the cure. Better have pain than paralysis! A hundred struggle and drown in the breakers. One discovers the new world. But rather, ten times rather, die in the surf, heralding the way to that new world, than stand idly on the shore!" - Florence Nightingale
[edit] Films About Surfing
The surf culture is reflected in film. Bruce Brown's classic movie The Endless Summer glorified surfing in a round-the-world search for the perfect wave. John Milius's homage to the Malibu of his youth in Big Wednesday remains a poignant metaphor for the similarities between the changing surf and life. Beach movies such as the Gidget series and Beach Party films like Beach Blanket Bingo are less reverential depictions of the culture.
- Big Wednesday
- Blue Crush, starring Kate Bosworth
- Blue Hawaii
- Blue Juice, Sean Pertwee, Ewan McGregor, Catherine Zeta-Jones
- The Endless Summer, Bruce Brown
- Five Summer Stories, Greg MacGillivray and Jim Freeman
- Gidget
- Hawaiian Holiday, Bud Browne
- Liquid Time (2002) is an avant-garde surf film that focuses solely on the fluid forms of tubing waves.
- Morning of the Earth
- North Shore
- Point Break
- Riding Giants
- Surf's Up is a computer-animated mockumentary, which investigates the premise that surfing was actually invented by penguins, taking viewers behind the scenes of the "Penguin World Surfing Championship".
- Step Into Liquid
[edit] Fictional Surfers in Film
- Sean Penn as stoned surfer Jeff Spicoli in Fast Times at Ridgemont High. Jeff Spicoli is the stereotypical teenage surfer of the eighties, complete with surf talk and imaginary tubes, ridden beneath overhanging ivy. The ambitious, conscientious, hard-working Brad Hamilton provides a foil for Jeff Spicoli, who believes in “operating from the heart” and “what you need will come to you,”. By contrasting Jeff Spicoli's carefree approach to life with Brad Hamilton's disciplined work ethic, the film exposes the dialectic in western culture [2].
[edit] Scenes from Movies
| “ | Willard: Are you crazy God dammit? Don't you think its a little risky for some R&R?
Kilgore: If I say its safe to surf this beach Captain, then it's safe to surf this beach. I mean I'm not afraid to surf this place, I'll surf this whole fucking place! |
” |
In the extended version of Apocalypse Now, there is a scene in which Willard's team steals Kilgore's surfboard as they begin their journey up the river.
[edit] Television Shows With Surfing As A Heavy Plot Point
- Blue Water High
- California Dreams
- Hawaii Five-O lead-in.
- The O.C.
- Surf Girls (2003)
- Surfing the Menu ABC TV, Australia.
- Eureka Seven (not on water, however)
[edit] TV Commercials
- Coca-Cola commercial featuring Kalani Robb and Maila Jones.
[edit] TV Documentary Series
- This Is Your Life presents Duke Kahanamoku (1957)
- NRG (1997)
- On Surfari Fuel TV
[edit] TV Episodes Featuring Surfing
- The Flintstones - "Surfin' Fred" (1965). Fred, Wilma, Barney, and Betty are holidaying on Rock Island, where a surfing contest is to be held. Fred hopes to relive his carefree teenage years, dancing to "hip" music with swarms of holidaying teenagers and revelling in their adulation of his sporting prowess. However, in the surf, Fred is repeatedly blasted by monsterous waves, as he tries desperately to impress the young crowd. Rock star and teenage heartthrob, Jimmy Darrock, who has been recruited to present the winner's trophy, avoids recognition by wearing sunglasses and assuming the role of a lifeguard. But, he had not counted on Fred's ineptitude on a board. Darrock has to retrieve Fred from the surf and perform resuscitation on him. When Wilma paddles over, a huge wave throws Fred onto her shoulders. Wilma manages to navigate through the pillars of a boardwalk, bringing her surfboard to rest inside the revolving door of the hotel. Fred and Wilma win the trophy for most adept use of a surfboard, and Darrock performs in the hotel restaurant, singing about the surfing craze.
- Gilligan's Island - "Big Man on Little Stick" (1965). A surfer by the name of Duke Williams washes up on the shore and collapses, having spent five days at sea on his surfboard. The girls fall for Duke, played by Denny Miller, so Gilligan tries to learn how to surf by tying his feet to Duke's surfboard. Despite their interest in the newcomer, Ginger and Mary Ann panic when he makes a pass at each of them. To resolve the conflict, the castaways pretend the girls are not available. Ginger is with the Professor and Mary Ann is with Gilligan. So, Duke decides to leave the island and manages to depart by catching a huge wave. The men sit around the radio, anxiously listening to news of Duke's arrival in Hawaii. To their dismay, Duke doesn't remember where he's been for the last two weeks, having hit a rock and suffered amnesia.
- The Brady Bunch - "Hawaii Bound" (1972)
- Even Stevens - "Surf's Up" (2003)
- The Surreal Life - "Surf School" (2004)
[edit] Fictional Surfers in TV
- Denny Miller as the handsome surfer Duke Williams, guest starring on Gilligan's Island. Duke Williams is the stereotypical surfer of the early sixties: simple-minded, yet handsome and athletic.
| “ | Duke: Man, five days on that board and I'm nothing but skin and bones.
Ginger: What skin. Mary Ann: And what bones. |
” |
[edit] Surfing Music
Surf culture is reflected in surf music, with sub-genres such as surf rock and surf pop. This includes works from such artists as Jan and Dean, The Beach Boys, The Surfaris ("Wipe Out!"), Dick Dale, and The Ventures. The music inspired dance crazes such as The Stomp, The Frug, and The Watusi. A newer wave of surf music has started in the acoustic riffs of artists such as Jack Johnson and Donavon Frankenreiter, who are both former professional surfers. The rise of surfers creating their own music and new style of surf rock has started.
[edit] Surf rock
- Wedding Cake Island, Midnight Oil, 1975.
[edit] Surf pop
- Surfer Girl (single), The Beach Boys, 1963.
- Surf City, Jan and Dean, 1963.
- Surfer Joe, The Surfaris, 1963.
- He's my blonde headed stompie-wompie real gone surfer boy, Little Pattie, 1963.
- Fun Fun Fun, The Beach Boys, 1964.
- Surf Song, Fenix Tx, 1999.
[edit] Instrumental
- Dick Dale, 1960s to present.
- Walk Don't Run, The Ventures, 1960.
- Apache, The Shadows, 1960. (British group)
- Bombora (single), The Atlantics, 1963.
- Wipe Out, The Surfaris, 1962.
[edit] Video Games About Surfing
[edit] Fashion
Surfwear is a popular style of casual clothing, inspired by surf culture. Many surf related brand-names originated as cottage industry, supplying local surfers with boardshorts, wetsuits, surfboards or leg-ropes/leashes. Today, its popularity extends so far beyond the surfing community, that some of its most high profile brands are listed on the Stock Exchange. These companies gain exposure through sponsoring professional surfers and the contests in which they compete.
- Billabong was founded in Australia in 1973. As well as the Billabong brand-name, the company sells surfwear under the Palmers Surf, Honolua Surf and Von Zipper brands, as well as Element skate clothing and hardware.
- Rip Curl is a major Australian manufacturer and retailer of surfwear and surfgear. The company started from the humble beginnings of two surfers in Torquay producing wetsuits from their garden shed. Rip Curl remains a private company. Rip Curl is the sponsor of one of the largest surf competitions called the Rip Curl Pro, where the top 40 surfers on the world circuit compete for the title.
- Quiksilver is the world's largest manufacturer of surfwear. It was founded in Australia in 1969, when Torquay surfers Alan Green and John Law came up with the idea of selling wetsuits for a living. They redesigned the wetsuit, creating one that was specifically designed for surfing, and over time, introduced a range of surfwear products, at a time when there was little competition.
- Roxy is Quiksilver's brand of clothing, accessories, and surf equipment named after the daughter of one of the founders. The logo is Quiksilver's, reflected, forming a heart. It is oriented toward young girls and women.
- Da Kine is a US based company specializing in sportswear and sports equipment. In 1979 Rob Kaplan started manufacturing Da Kine surfboard leash which quickly gained industry recognition and praise for innovative design and bulid quality. Between 1981 and 1984 Da Kine developed the world's first adjustable windsurfing footstrap and windsurfing harness. Currently, Da Kine is present on the Surfing, Skateboarding, Snowboarding, Ski, Windsurfing, Kitesurfing and Mountain Biking markets.
- Town & Country (aka. T&C) is a US based surfboard manufacturer that expanded into a full line of surfwear and surfing accessories and now has retail shops throughout the world in countries such as Japan, Australia, and Peru.
[edit] Other surfwear labels
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[edit] Events
[edit] Festivals
- Nude Night Surfing Sydney Fringe Festival, Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia.
- Saint Jean de Luz Surf Film Festival.
- Wavescapes Surf Film Festival
- Surf Film Festibal
[edit] Trade Shows
[edit] Surfing Contests
Competitive surfing is a comparison sport. Riders, competing in pairs or small groups, are allocated a certain amount of time to ride waves and display their prowess and mastery of the craft. Competitors are then judged according to how competently the wave is ridden, including the level of difficulty, as well as frequency of maneuvers. There is a professional surfing world surfing championship series held annually at surf breaks around the world.
Although competitive surfing has become an extremely popular and lucrative activity, both for its participants and its sponsors, the sport does not have its origins as a competitive pursuit. It is common to hear debate rage between purists of the sport, who still maintain the ideal of "soul surfing", and surfers who engage in the competitive and, consequently, commercial side of the activity [3]. An organisation called the Spirit of Surfing has chosen not to accept surf label sponsorship, since an association of that sort could detract from the sentiment they wish to promote.
[edit] Surfing Organizations
- Association of Surfing Professionals
- Bronzed Aussies
- SurfAid
- Surfing Australia
- Swiss Surfing Association (SSA)
[edit] Spin-Offs & Influences
[edit] Boardsports
Surfers developed the skateboard to be able to "surf" on land. Later came windsurfing (also known as sailboarding), bodyboarding, wakeboarding, skimboarding, snowboarding, riverboarding, kiteboarding, sandboarding, and mountainboarding, all now competitive sports. Another fast growing boardsport is skurfing a mix of surfing and more conventional water sports in which the participant is towed behind the boat. Pineboarding and sandboarding are recreational boardsports.
[edit] Conceptual metaphor
The word "surf" is polysemous; having multiple, related meanings. "Surfing" the World Wide Web is the act of following hyperlinks. The phrase "surfing the Internet" was first popularized in print by Jean Armour Polly, a librarian, in an article called "Surfing the INTERNET", published in the Wilson Library Bulletin in June, 1992.
[edit] Branding
- Surf laundry detergent
- Toyota Hilux Surf (called Toyota 4Runner in North America).
[edit] Surfing in Multimedia
[edit] Internet
[edit] Surfing Forums
[edit] Surfing Portals
[edit] Live Surf Cams
[edit] Surf Forecasting
- Thousands of sites offer surf forecasting and reporting, from single beaches to the entire world. Some of the larger, more popular and reliable ones are:
[edit] CD-ROM
[edit] 3D Models
- Tubing wave, using SketchUp, can be downloaded into Google Earth.
- Surfboard, using SketchUp
- Surfboard, available in various formats.
[edit] Print media
[edit] Surfing Magazines
- TransWorld SURF
- Tracks
- Surfing World
- Australia's Surfing Life
- Wave Action Surf Magazine
- Surfer Magazine
- Surfer's Journal
- Wavelength (UK Surfing)
- Carve
[edit] Surfing in Non-Fiction
[edit] Popular
- Surfing: A History of the Ancient Hawaiian Sport, Finney, B.
- Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand, and Surf, Booth, D.
- Eddie Would Go: The Story of Eddie Aikau, Hawaiian Hero and Pioneer of Big Wave Surfing, Holmes Coleman, S.
- The Illustrated Discography of Surf Music (1961-1965) Blair, J. Riverside, California, 1983.
- A Pictorial History of Surfing. Finney, B. and Margan, F. Paul Hamlyn, Sydney, 1970.
- Cowabunga: The Complete Book of Surfing. Wardlaw, L. Avon Books, New York, 1991.
- The History of Surfing. Young, N. Palm Beach Press, 1983.
[edit] Academic Topics
[edit] Natural Science
- The Science of Surfing Waves and Surfing Breaks, Scarfe, et al. (2003), Scripps Institution of Oceanography Technical Report.
- Mathematics and bodysurfing, Neville de Mestre, Faculty of Information Technology, Bond University.
- A numerical study of breaking waves in the surf zone, Pengzhi, L. et al., School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University.
- Waves and Beaches, Bascombe, WR. Doubleday.
- The Wetsand Wavecast Guide to Surf Forecasting: A Simple Approach to Planning the Perfect Sessions Cool, NT.
- Ocean Surface Waves: Their Physics and Prediction Massel, SR.
[edit] Social Science
- Waves of Semiosis: Surfing’s Iconic Progression, Flynn, PJ (1987), The American Journal of Semiotics
- The Aesthetics of Risk: A Study of Surfing, M Stranger (1999), International Review for the Sociology of Sport, irs.sagepub.com
- To the Extreme: Alternative Sports, Inside and Out, Rinehart, RE. Sydnor, S. (2003), State University of New York Press
- Good to the last drop! Understanding surfer motivations, Butts, SE. (2001), Sociology of Sport, physed.otago.ac.nz
- Sick, Filthy, and Delirious: surf film and video and the documentary mode, Beattie, K. (2001), Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3.
- Putting up your Dukes: Statues Social Memory and Duke Paoa Kahanamoku, Osmond, G. Phillips, MG. O’Neill, M. (2006), The International Journal of the History of Sport, Taylor & Francis
- Hangin' ten: The common-pool resource problem of surfing, Rider, R. College of Arts and Sciences, Economics Program, California State University, San Marcos, CA, 92096-0001, U.S.A.
- Surfing the Other: Ideology on the Beach, Rutsky, RL, (1999), Film Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4.
- ‘We shall Fight on the Seas and the Oceans…We shall: Commodification, Localism and Violence’, Scott, P.(2003), MC: a journal of media and culture, Vol.6, No.1.
- ‘Just the lemon next to the pie’: Apocalypse, History and the Limits of Myth in Big Wednesday, Ormrod, J. (1978), Manchester Metropolitan University.
- Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: I. The industry and the islands. Buckley, RC. (2002), Journal of Sustainable Tourism
- Surf tourism and sustainable development in Indo-Pacific islands: II. Recreational Capacity Management and Case Study. Buckley, RC. (2002), Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2002.
- A Sociological Study of the Surfing Subculture in the Santa Cruz Aea Masters Thesis by Stephen Wayne Hull (1976), Department of Sociology, San Jose State University.
- Waves of Transformation Crawford, C. Masters thesis.
- "Surfing, the Ultimate Pleasure". Lueras, Leonard. Honolulu: Emphasis International, 1984.
- "The Search Issues of Play, Identification, Agency, and Deviance in the Absence of Mainstream Sports: Towards a Discovery of the Social Meaning of the Sport of Surfing". Ehrlich, JN. Honors Thesis for the Undergraduate Research Program in the Department of Sociology at the University Of California, Irvine.
- "Civilising Surfers: Exploring Subculture Through Historical Consumer Research" Robin Canniford (2006) PhD Thesis.
- "“Marketing the Savage” Canniford, R. & Shankar, A. - Book Chapter in Cova, B., Shankar, A. and Kozinets, R. (2007) "Consumer Tribes: Theory, Practice and Prospects", Oxford: Elsevier
[edit] Surfing in Fiction
[edit] Comics
- Captain Goodvibes
- Wilbur Kookmeyer
- Silver Surfer, who rides a surfboard-like vehicle
[edit] Prose
- Surfing in Hawaii: A Personal Memoir, by Desmond Muirhead
- Paunalu, by Rustom Calisch
- The Impact Zone, by Ray Maloney
- West of Jesus: Surfing, Science, and the Origins of Belief, by Steven Kotler
[edit] Surfing Reference Materials
- Encyclopedia of Surfing
- Riptionary surf lingo dictionary
- Surfin'Ary: A Dictionary of Surfing Terms and Surfspeak T Cralle (2001)
[edit] Sculpture
[edit] Surfing Monuments
- Katwijk aan Zee.
- Sculpture by the Sea, Bondi Beach.
- Newport, UK.
- Michigan, "Wave Field".
- Santa Cruz Surf Statue.
- Waikiki Surf Statue.
- Swami's Surfing Memorial Sculptor/artist, George Bredehoft.
- Hermosa Beach Surf Legends Memorial Fountain.
[edit] Graphic Art
[edit] Early depictions
- The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (Japanese wave).
[edit] Textiles
[edit] Surf Tourism
- Surf camps
- Yacht surfing adventures
- Surf Camps Worldwide
- Surfboat Maldives
[edit] Surfing Education
- Surfing instructor certificate
- Diploma of Surfing Studies
[edit] References
- ^ Welcome to the Weird and Wonderful World of the Webber Clan, Interview by Tim Baker, Australian Surfing World Magazine, Issue no. 271 (2004)
- ^ Culture Jock University of Chicago Magazine, December '05, Volume 98, Issue 2.
- ^ Billion Dollar Breakers: The Professional Surfing World Background Briefing, ABC Radio National, Sunday, 13 April, 1997
[edit] See Also
- Surfing
- History of surfing
- World surfing champion
- List of surfing topics
- List of surfing areas
- List of surfers
[edit] External Links
- Australian surf culture.
- Santa Cruz Surfing Museum in Santa Cruz, California, with museum panoramas at the City of Santa Cruz's website.
- Club Of The Waves - Surf Art, History & Culture site with featured surf artists & photographers.
- Countries and Their Cultures
