Sverresborg
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| Sverresborg | |
|---|---|
| Trondheim, Norway | |
| Built | 1182-1183 |
| In use | 1183-1263 |
For the Sverresborg situated in Bergen, please see Sverresborg (Bergen).
Sverresborg or Sverre Sigurdsson’s castle (also named Zion after King David’s castle in Jerusalem), was a fortification built at the medieval city of Nidaros (later Trondheim) by Sverre Sigurdsson.
It is now known as an open air museum for the region of Trøndelag, comprising the counties of Sør-Trøndelag and Nord-Trøndelag.
Defense of the city was based on three key topographical features:
- The city lay on a peninsula bordered on the east and south by the Nidelva (River Nid) and on the north by the fjord.
- The neck connecting the peninsula to the mainland was quite narrow and could be easily fortified.
- A glacially-carved-rock hill just to the south dominates the city and provides an easily fortified location. This was the location of Sverresborg.
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[edit] The Heklungs War – a Context for the Construction of Sverresborg
In 1177, Sverre Sigurdsson, who was king of Norway from 1184-1202, led the rebel Birkebeiners to Trøndelag where Sverre was hailed as king at Øreting in June. This was an important symbolic event, since traditionally new Norwegian kings were chosen there. After this, the Birkebeins moved south and wintered in Østerdal. The next spring, the Birkebeins went back to Trøndelag, attacking the city of Nidaros (now Trondheim). Defeated, they fled south until they met and beat reigning king Magnus’ army in Ringerike. Encouraged, the Birkebeins moved north to Trøndelag again and remained in Nidaros during the winter of 1178.
In the spring of 1179, Magnus arrived with his army. The two armies met on June 19th in the Battle of Kalvskinnet and the battle was a clear victory for Sverre, securing his grip on Trøndelag.
Magnus Erlingsson again attacked Trøndelag in spring 1180. Sverre held Trøndelag from Nidaros, which was then protected by a wooden palisades extending from the river to the fjord across the neck of the peninsula connecting the town to the mainland. In the Battle of Ilevollene, just outside of Nidaros, the Heklungs were again defeated.
The two forces met again in 1181 in the Battle of Nordnes which resulted in a minor victory for Sverre. But Magnus exploited Sverre’s absence from Trøndelag when in November he raided and burned the Birkebeiner fleet there. Sverre was forced to return or risk losing his one secure foothold.
During summer 1182, Magnus made an attempt to take Nidaros by siege, but was repulsed with grave losses when the Birkebeins launched a surprise night attack.
[edit] Castle Construction
In the winter of 1182-1183 Sverre initiated construction of Sverresborg (one of the earliest Norwegian fortresses) to provide him a more secure and more easily defended base from which to work. The location selected was easily fortified, hard to approach, and could be defended by a small force. The stone for the fortification was available only 0.6 km away in the quarry which had been used for construction the cathedral at Nidaros. Since the Archbishop, who had aligned with King Magnus, was in exile in England from 1180-1183, the stone masons were also available. Work proceeded quickly and Sverre, along with a detachment of his men, moved out to the castle during Lent in 1183.
The sea Battle of Fimreite in 1184 proved to be final struggle between the Birkebeins and the Heklungs; King Magnus drowned. King Sverre, after a six years of struggle, became the uncontested king of Norway. But the peace was not to last for long.
[edit] The Bagler war
In 1188 the town of Nidaros, which had been vacated by King Sverre’s men, was attacked. His opposition stormed into the city and a bloodbath followed. The wooden fortress was torn down and the castle burnt and left in ruins.
It is not known precisely when it was restored, but the Sverresaga indicates the castle had been restored by 1197.
He died in Bergen March 8, 1202.
[edit] Later history of Sverresborg
Sverresborg is last mentioned in the time of King Sverre’s paternal grandson, King Haakon Haakonson in 1263, when he allowed the walls of Sverresborg to be broken down.
[edit] Open air museum
The museum was started in 1909, when a group of enthusiasts decided to gather buildings and objects characteristic of the area for purposes of preservation. The area around the fortress ruins was set aside for purposes of building a museum in 1914, and the collection has grown steadily since then.
There are more than 60 buildings on the site now, covering a broad ethnological range.
[edit] References
History of the Norwegian People by Knut Gjerset, The MacMillan Company, 1915, Volumes I
Norges festninger by Guthorm Kavli; Universitetsforlaget; 1987; ISBN 82-00-18430-7
