Géologi

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Géologi (tina basa Yunani γη- (ge-, "bumi") and λογος (logos, "kecap", "alesan")) nyaéta élmu jeung pangajaran ngeunaan bumi, kaasup kajadiannana, strukturna, sifat fisikna, sajarah, jeung proses pembentukannana. Kecap mimitina digunakeun dina perasaan ku Jean-André de Luc (1727 - 1817) dina 1778 jeung dikenalkeun ku Horace-Bénédict de Saussure (1740 - 1799) dina taun 1779 salaku watesan nu tetep. [Watesan nu leuwih kolot mimiti digunakeun ku Richard de Bury (1286 - 1345). Anjeunna ngagunakeun geologi keur ngabedakeun antara ka-bumian jeung theological jurisprudence.]

Géologi kadang kala digunakeun ampir sarua jeung elmu ngeunaan sistem panonpoe (solar system). Sanajan kitu, watesan anu husus nyaeta selenology (elmu ngeunaan bulan), areology (Mars), jst., oge digunakeun.

[édit] Sajarah

Georg Agricola (1494-1555) nulis buku mimiti sacara sistimatis ngeunaan mining jeung proses smelting, De re metallica libri XII, sarta apendiks Buch von den Lebewesen unter Tage (buku ngeunaan "pembentukan" bumi). Subjek tulisanna saperti wind energy, hydrodynamic power, melting cookers, transport of ores, extraction of soda, sulfur and alum, jeung isu administrasi. Buku ieu diterbitkeun dina taun1556.

James Hutton nu ngamimitian ngeunaan geologi modern. Dina taun 1785 manehna presentasi paper nu judulna Theory of the Earth di Royal Society of Edinburgh. Dina paper-na, anjeunna nerangkeun yen Bumi kudu leuwih kolot tinimbang perkiraan samemehna, hal ieu keur ngajelaskeun perlu waktu nu lila sangkan gunung ngalaman eroded, sarta keur sediment ngabentuk batuan anyar di dasar laut, nu ngandelan di wewengkon kering.

Followers of Hutton were known as plutonists because they believed that some rocks were formed by vulcanism which is the deposition of lava from volcanoes, as opposed to the neptunists, who believed that all rocks had settled out of a large ocean whose level gradually dropped over time.

William Smith (1769-1839) drew some of the first geological maps and began the process of ordering rock strata (layers) by examining the fossils contained in them.

Sir Charles Lyell first published his famous book, Principles of Geology, in 1830 and continued to publish new revisions until he died in 1875. He successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism. This theory states that slow geological processes occurred throughout the earth's history, and are still occurring today. In contrast, catastrophism is the theory that Earth's features formed in single, catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter. (Hutton believed in uniformitarianism, but the idea was not widely accepted at the time.)

The theory of continental drift was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 and by Arthur Holmes, but wasn't broadly accepted until the 1960s when the theory of plate tectonics was developed.

[édit] Fields

There are many different fields within the discipline of Geology, and it would be hard to list all of them. Some include, however: geochemistry, hydrogeology (or geohydrology), petroleum geology, economic geology, soil science, climatology, biogeology, geodetics and geophysics.

Subdisciplines within geology proper include structural geology, sedimentology and stratigraphy, mineralogy (study of minerals), petrology (study of rocks), geomorphology (study of landforms), seismology (also a field in geophysics) and volcanology (the study of volcanoes).

There is also engineering geology, which supports civil engineering, especially geotechnical engineering, and geological engineering. The difference between geological engineering and engineering geology is real: geological engineers are licensed as engineers, engineering geologists are licensed as geologists.