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The Day the Earth Stood Still

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Day the Earth Stood Still

Original 1951 Film Poster
Directed by Robert Wise
Produced by Julian Blaustein
Written by Edmund H. North
Story by Harry Bates (Farewell to the Master)
Starring Michael Rennie
Patricia Neal
Hugh Marlowe
Sam Jaffe
Music by Bernard Herrmann
Cinematography Leo Tover
Editing by William H. Reynolds
Distributed by 20th Century Fox
Release date(s) September 28, 1951
Running time 92 min.
Language English
All Movie Guide profile
IMDb profile

The Day the Earth Stood Still is a 1951 science fiction film that tells the story of a humanoid alien who comes to Earth to warn its leaders not to take their conflicts into space, or they will face lethal consequences.

Produced in the aftermath of World War II, the start of the Cold War, the first atomic bombs and the competitive development of the hydrogen bomb, and the dawning of the Space Age, it strongly and iconically reflected the cultural fears of the time related to violence, politics, and possible global annihilation, if the trend of humanity towards weapons of war and conflict continued.

It stars Michael Rennie, Patricia Neal, Hugh Marlowe, Sam Jaffe, Billy Gray, Frances Bavier, and Lock Martin. Supporting cast includes journalist Drew Pearson. The movie was adapted by Edmund H. North from the story "Farewell to the Master" by Harry Bates, and directed by Robert Wise. The score was written by Bernard Herrmann and is notable for its use of two theremins.

Tagline: From out of space... a warning and an ultimatum!


Contents

[edit] Synopsis

Spoiler warning: Plot and/or ending details follow.

Klaatu arrives in a flying saucer-like spaceship on The Ellipse in Washington, DC, wearing a silver spacesuit and space helmet. As Klaatu exits the spaceship, he is met by soldiers. Klaatu says he comes in peace, on a mission of goodwill; he holds and activates a small device that opens with a snap: before he can explain, he is shot and wounded by a soldier who assumes the device is a weapon. In response to the shooting, a large humanoid robot called Gort steps out of the spaceship and melts down all weapons present, from sidearms to artillery and tanks, without harming the soldiers.[1]

This short opening scene develops one of the film's central themes, the human tendency to rush to violence when confronted by the unknown. The mysterious device proves to be benign: after seeing it on the ground broken, Klaatu picks it up to show it to another soldier, an officer. The officer instinctively reaches for his sidearm only to find it not there – vaporized by Gort. Klaatu describes it to the officer as a "gift for your President... with it he could have studied life on the other planets".

[edit] First Contact

Klaatu is taken to Walter Reed Hospital, room 306, where he quickly recovers from his gunshot wound. The secretary to the President of the United States, Mr. Harley (Frank Conroy), visits Klaatu in his hospital room. Klaatu attempts, but fails, to persuade him to organize a meeting of world leaders, where he can present them with an important message that "all humans" have to hear. After Klaatu suggests the United Nations, he is told that not all the world's countries are represented at the United Nations, and later, that the world leaders cannot agree even on a meeting place for this momentous occasion. "I'm impatient with stupidity. My people have learned to live without it," Klaatu tells the Secretary, upon hearing of the world leaders' infighting. "I'm afraid my people haven't," says Mr. Harley. "I'm very sorry. I wish it were otherwise."

Gazing down at people walking in the hospital courtyard, Klaatu muses aloud, "Before making any decision, I think I should get out among your people – become familiar with the basis for these strange unreasoning attitudes." Mr. Harley rebuffs Klaatu, saying, ""Under the circumstances, I'm afraid that's impossible. Oh, I must ask that you don't attempt to leave the hospital. Our military people have insisted on this. I'm sure you'll understand", informing him that he is essentially a prisoner in his hospital room. Upon Mr. Harley's exit, Klaatu hears the door being locked and smiles bemusedly.

[edit] The Boarding House

Klaatu escapes from the hospital in order to be among the people. He goes to a boarding house and meets a family and other guests there. They are watching a television news special on the escape of the spaceman. He tells them that his name is "Carpenter", taking the name from a laundry label on a suit he has presumably taken from Walter Reed Hospital. Two of the residents of the house are Helen Benson, an employee of the United States Department of Commerce, and her son Bobby. Helen is a widow; her husband (Bobby's father) was killed at Anzio during World War II.

The next morning (Sunday), Klaatu listens to the radio commentator and breakfast table banter of the boarding house residents, who are convinced that the spaceship is the work of the Soviets, or Democrats, or some other real or imagined enemy of the Cold War. When Helen's boyfriend Tom (Hugh Marlowe) plans a day-trip getaway for the two of them, Klaatu offers to take care of Bobby.

[edit] Bobby and Klaatu

Bobby gives Klaatu a tour of Washington, D.C., including a visit to the grave of Bobby's father in Arlington National Cemetery, where Klaatu learns with dismay that "all these people [were] killed in wars". Bobby is confused, and Klaatu explains that they do have cemeteries "where I'm from", but there are no wars. The two next visit the Lincoln Memorial, where Klaatu is impressed by the inscription of Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address, and concludes that there may be great minds on Earth who can understand his message. When he asks Bobby to name the greatest person in the world today, Bobby replies that the smartest man in the world is a leading American scientist, Professor Barnhardt, who lives "right here in Washington, D.C."

But first, at Bobby's request, they visit the spaceship. Blended into the throngs watching the spaceship, the statuesque and seemingly hibernating Gort, the press, and the military personnel busily constructing barricades, lighting, and other structures, Klaatu and Bobby look on. Bobby's young inquisitive mind races: how does that ship work? How fast is it? Can it go as fast as the F-86? Klaatu tries to answer, suggesting the non-destructive uses for nuclear power, introducing inertia, etc. Sensing the attention of a person standing next to him, Klaatu looks to find this person listening with mocking smile. The man, dressed as if he was a tourist, mocks "Keep going, mister; he was falling for it." The man (along with others nearby) laughs and walks away, maybe representing the general populace's lack of even basic scientific fundamentals and/or reasoning.

Bobby shows Klaatu to Professor Barnhardt's home. The scientist isn't home, but Klaatu uses his abilities to open the door to his study and leaves a "calling card" in the form of a hint or suggestion to a mathematical solution to the n-body problem scrawled on the blackboard. Barnhardt's assistant discovers Klaatu and Bobby in the study, and angrily demands that they leave. Klaatu leaves her the address of his boarding house (1412 Harvard St NW) and advises her not to erase his solution from the blackboard – "The professor needs it".

[edit] Klaatu and Barnhardt

Government agents show up at the boarding house and escort Klaatu back to Barnhardt's house. With the military police waiting outside, Klaatu speaks to Barnhardt. They begin with a discussion of Klaatu's solution. When Barnhardt asks "Have you tested this theory?", Klaatu confesses "I find it works well enough to get me from one planet to another," revealing his identity. Barnhardt dismisses the military guards ("I know this gentleman.") and tells Klaatu, "There are several thousand questions I'd like to ask you."

Klaatu warns the professor that the people of the other planets know that human beings have developed atomic power and will soon apply that technology to spaceflight. Given the warlike nature of human beings, this cannot be allowed. Klaatu admits his own frustration working at the "official levels" to deliver this message and that coming to Barnhardt is a last resort. Klaatu questions whether or not he should take drastic action to get a hearing or attention from people. As an alternative, Barnhardt offers Klaatu the opportunity to speak at an upcoming meeting Barnhardt is organizing of world scientists; Klaatu accepts. Klaatu stuns Barnhardt by informing him that if the message is rejected, Earth will be eliminated. Barnhardt persuades Klaatu to make a demonstration of the seriousness of the situation and what is at stake, saying that such a demonstration must affect the entire planet but not harm anybody, a "little demonstration". Klaatu agrees.

Klaatu returns to his spaceship that night to program his "demonstration". Bobby follows him and is amazed to see his friend enter the ship. When Tom and Helen return home from their evening out, Bobby tells them that Mr. Carpenter is the spaceman. They don't believe him, but when Bobby is headed upstairs to bed, they notice that his shoes are soaking wet. Their suspicions grow when Tom finds an obviously expensive diamond in Mr. Carpenter's room. Tom takes the diamond to a jeweler, who claims that the diamond is exceptional and could not have come from Earth.

[edit] The Day the Earth Stood Still

Following Barnhardt's suggestion, as a "little" demonstration of the seriousness of his message, Klaatu suppresses electric power all over the world (including the ignition systems of individual vehicles) – with some notable exceptions, such as hospitals and planes in flight. (Klaatu is keeping his promise that no human life will be endangered.) This is the situation referred to in the movie's title. During the blackout, Klaatu is trapped in an elevator with Helen. Taking advantage of the opportunity, he explains more to her ("Bobby was telling the truth." "Yes.") than he had told Professor Barnhardt, because, Klaatu explains, his life is in Helen's hands.

After the 30-minute demonstration, and perhaps because Gort seems to have unfettered reign, Klaatu is perceived as a security threat by the Americans, who decide that he must be taken dead or alive – despite the careful exclusion of hospitals and planes in flight during the worldwide electric power suppression.

Helen now understands Klaatu's real mission. After the blackout is over, Tom confronts Helen with his knowledge that "Mr. Carpenter" is the spaceman. Tom is sure that by betraying Klaatu, he can become rich and famous. Helen asks Tom to consider the impact that betraying Klaatu will have on the rest of the world. "I don't care about the rest of the world," Tom replies, expressing the movie's theme of the unconcern most people have about the larger world around them. Helen is repulsed by Tom's indifference. Continuing to act against Helen's wishes, Tom initiates with his phone call to the military authorities saying "You'll feel different when you see my picture in the papers." Helen says "I feel different right now," which (presumably) ends their relationship and rushes to help Klaatu.

While trying to flee to a place of safety until Barnhardt's meeting, Klaatu is shot again, this time fatally, before he and Helen can reach the scientists' meeting.

[edit] Klaatu barada nikto

Concerned about what Gort would do in the event of his death, Klaatu had taught Helen the command "Klaatu barada nikto" just in case. In a dramatic encounter, the huge robot nearly kills Helen before she can overcome her fear enough to blurt out the command and then repeat it.

After these words are spoken, Gort carries Helen into the spaceship, retrieves Klaatu's corpse, and brings him back to the spaceship where, with the use of equipment on board, Klaatu is miraculously brought back to life (even Klaatu's technology cannot overcome death, but it is capable of reviving him, though for how long is unknown even to them).

After Klaatu is revived, he steps out of the spaceship and speaks to the assembled scientists, delivering the key speech within the film and via the fourth wall, the moral of the film to the audience beyond. Earth, he tells them, can either decide to abandon warfare and peacefully join other spacefaring nations – a peace enforced by the robot race to which Gort belongs – or be destroyed as a threat. The spaceship then dramatically takes off.

[edit] Cast

* Not credited on-screen.

[edit] Production details

Principal outdoor photography for The Day the Earth Stood Still was shot on 20th Century Fox sound stages and its studio backlot (now Century City), with a second unit shooting background plates and other scenes in Washington, D.C.: the film's stars never travelled to Washington for the making of the film.

In a DVD commentary track, interviewed by fellow director Nicholas Meyer, director Robert Wise stated that he wanted the film to appear as realistic and believable as possible, in order to drive home the film's core message against armed conflict in the real world.

Wise's background in directing horror (his solo directorial debut had come with producer Val Lewton some five years before) lent itself to a "haunted house" feel to the movie's spookier scenes, with a stark use of deep shadow, often patterned to resemble the bars of a cage (his hospital room, the wallpaper and balustrade of the boarding house, the elevator). Both high and low angles are used to create the film's pervasive sense of Klaatu's literal and figurative alienation from the warlike people of Earth, or to highlight the unlimited power he represents.

Other scenes of earthly family life are more sympathetically lit and filmed with more conventional angles, depicting the positive aspects of humanity. Care is also taken to establish the character of Klaatu as a real person with emotions who is sensitive to the social and physical world around him. The character displays a general interest in the mundane aspects of the alien world around him: a music box, a tobacco pipe.

[edit] Soundtrack

The Day the Earth Stood Still
The Day the Earth Stood Still cover
Film score by Bernard Herrmann
Released 1993
Recorded August, 1951
Genre Soundtracks, Film music
Length 63:41
Label Fox
Producer(s) Nick Redman
Professional reviews

The soundtrack was composed in August of 1951, and was Bernard Herrmann's first soundtrack after he moved to Hollywood. Herrmann chose unusual instrumentation the film including electric violin, electric bass, two theremins, test oscillators, vibraphone, four pianos, four harps, and approximately 30 brass instruments. Unusual overdubbing and tape-reversal techniques were also used.

[edit] Tracklisting

  1. "Twentieth Century Fox Fanfare" – 0:12
  2. "Prelude/Outer Space/Radar" – 3:45
  3. "Danger" – 0:24
  4. "Klaatu" – 2:15
  5. "Gort/The Visor/The Telescope" – 2:23
  6. "Escape" – 0:55
  7. "Solar Diamonds" – 1:04
  8. "Arlington" – 1:08
  9. "Lincoln Memorial" – 1:27
  10. "Nocturne/The Flashlight/The Robot/Space Control" – 5:58
  11. "Elevator/Magnietic Pull/The Study/The Conference/The Jewelry Store" – 43:61
  12. "Panic" – :42
  13. "Glowing/Alone/Gort's Rage/Nikto/The Captive/Terror" – 5:11
  14. "The Prison" – 1:42
  15. "Rebirth" – 1:38
  16. "Departure" – 0:52
  17. "Farewell" – 0:32
  18. "Finale" – 0:30

[edit] Special effects

Although the film contains its share of dramatic and obvious special effects scenes, such as the destruction of military hardware by the robot Gort, special effects were also used more subtly. For example, the aerial shots of crowd scenes surrounding Klaatu's spaceship were achieved with a combination of optical printing or matte work (to include the Washington D.C. skyline) and a "held take" approach, where the same film is run through the camera for multiple exposures of the same crowd standing in different locations on the studio backlot in order to give the appearance of a much larger crowd.

Other examples of special effects work include rear projection or "travelling matte" work in the scenes depicting Bobby and Klaatu's tour of the Arlington National Cemetery and Lincoln Memorial, and the taxi chase sequence at the film's climax, when Helen and Klaatu are chased by the military. According to the DVD commentary, Wise carefully prepared his shooting list from storyboards so that his second unit would return with "background plate" footage with appropriate action (an MP calling on a radio, an increasing number of military vehicles) for each rapid cut in the complex finished sequence.

The extensive use of both in-camera and post-production effects are not surprising considering that Robert Wise had edited Citizen Kane, which made extensive use of both in-camera effects and the optical printer developed by Linwood Dunn. The optical work in The Day the Earth Stood Still is often so seamless that it escapes even the modern viewer's notice, and is a tribute to the careful preparation that was Wise's long time style of working.

An unused script scene near the end, after Klaatu is revived, would have had the spacecraft turn transparent to those inside, to see Professor Barnhardt addressing the scientists.

[edit] Critical reaction

The Day the Earth Stood Still has been interpreted to contain religious symbolism, especially because of Klaatu's death and subsequent resurrection, and his chosen name "Carpenter" (the profession of Jesus Christ). Klaatu does explicitly refer to the "almighty spirit" when asked whether Gort has the power over life and death (Robert Wise lets Klaatu distinguish Gort from the Spirit not to be almighty to evade protest from Christian organizations).[citation needed] For similar reasons the plot was also changed so that length of the "resurrection" was unknown, though it was implied that there was no more a limit on his life after the "resurrection" than anyone else's life without it.[citation needed]

The surprise ending of the short story "Farewell To The Master" by Harry Bates (where it is revealed that the robot — originally called Gnut rather than Gort — is the master and the alien man, Klaatu, the servant) was not made explicit in the movie, where this remains an open question.[1]

I want you to tell your master — the master yet to come — that what happened to the first Klaatu was an accident, for which all Earth is immeasurably sorry. Will you do that?"

"I have known it," the robot answered gently.

"But will you promise to tell your master — just those words — as soon as he is arrived?"

"You misunderstand," said Gnut, .... "I am the master."

The movie appears as the seventh film listed in Arthur C Clarke's List of the best Science-Fiction films of all time (where it appears listed just above Clarke's own 2001: A Space Odyssey.)

In spite of the images that have passed into the national culture and become cliché — a race of killer robots, a spaceman in a silver suit, a flying saucer etc. — its message of peace and dark outlook regarding human society stands out from 1950s science fiction, and it has become a classic. Filmed in black and white, with minimal but effective special effects, the movie is a model of brisk, economical storytelling and direction.

The film has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

[edit] Interpretations

This section may contain original research or unattributed claims.
Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the talk page for details.

Many see value in the film's statement of universal moral standing, finding an association with Klaatu as a well-meaning upstart, whose time had not yet come. This interpretation holds that it is the fearful hostility of "the government," not the will of the people, that was the main obstacle to Klaatu's plan. Some speculate that the film and others like it contributed to a popular philosophy that blossomed in the cultural revolution of the 1960s.

Others find resonance in the themes of the ascribed "uselessness" of the United Nations and of the assembling of the world's scientists to hear a message of peace. This view tends to see Klaatu as a misinformed or naïve idealist, unfamiliar with the nuances of world conflict.

The ultimatum given by Klaatu smacks of totalitarianism. There is real tension here as one gets the feeling that the strong admonition of Klaatu for earth to "join us" may very well be masking much more sinister motives. Perhaps the fate of the world would be worse than if left to its own devices. Perhaps Gort is the master and Klaatu is the servant whose mission is to deceive one more civilization into slavery. Why should we trust alien beings simply because they are — or appear to be — more advanced than ourselves?

Still others see spiritual implications. The use of the name "Carpenter" by Klaatu has been seen as a reference to Christ. Klaatu is, like Christ, misunderstood by mankind, and they attempt to kill him. Like Christ, as well, he is resurrected from what at first appears to be fatal wound. His message, like Christ's, is one of tolerance and peace ("love your neighbor"). Finally, like Christ, he ascends into the heavens at the conclusion of the film.

[edit] Trivia and popular influence

  • Many pop culture references have been made to the phrase "Klaatu barada nikto", as described in the article.
  • Usually when films deal with mathematics, it is clear to any in the field that the characters' words are in fact non-sensical, designed to impress the lay, rather than convince the expert. This film is an exception. The discussion concerning the differential equation on the chalk board sounds authentic.
  • An original six foot diameter model of Klaatu's spaceship hangs on display at Disney-MGM Studios in Orlando, Florida.
  • The Day the Earth Stood Still is one of the many classic movies mentioned in the opening theme ("Science Fiction/Double Feature") of both the stage musical The Rocky Horror Show and its motion-picture counterpart, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, and is in fact the first film mentioned in the song, along with its star, Michael Rennie: "Michael Rennie was ill/The Day the Earth Stood Still/but he told us where we stand."
  • Klaatu's final ultimatum is sampled and used repeatedly by trance duo Analog Pussy in their track Fight to Trance, to which the response is 'we fight for the right to trance, we believe in total chaos'.
  • Robert Wise once joked in a seminar at the USC film school that he originally wanted to entitle the film "The Day the Electricity Went Off for Half an Hour" (which is a literally accurate description of the story.)
  • The Canadian progressive rock band Klaatu (1976-1981) took its name from the main character of this movie.
  • One of the episodes of the famous anime-series Neon Genesis Evangelion is called "The Day Tokyo-3 Stood Still". Obvious allusion to the film is strengthened by the plot, depicting total blackout in the megapolis Tokyo-3.
  • The Men in Black comic series upon which the popular 1997 film was based makes a passing reference to the movie being a documentary.
  • The anime OVA Giant Robo is entitled "The Day the Earth Stood Still", a possible tribute to this film.
  • Later films with similar plots where a resurrected extraterrestrial with life-giving powers is befriended and hidden by common people while hunted by the government (E.T., Starman), are also possible tributes, or else also possibly based on similar New Testament themes.
  • The character Robert 'Slide' Benson in Jason Mordaunt's 2003 novel Welcome To Coolsville[2] is named after the Bobby Benson character in the movie, and the disruptions perpetrated by the hacktivist entity Mantra are always one half hour in duration.
  • There were two Gort costumes. One with a zipper on the back, and one with a zipper on the front. The illusion that the robot is "seamless" was achieved by switching costumes for different camera angles.
  • Californian sludge-metal band Gort took their name from the robot.
  • An episode of the cartoon Johnny Bravo is titled "The Day The Earth Didn't Move Around Very Much", in reference to the film.
  • In the premiere episode of Galactica 1980, the low-budget sequel to the original Battlestar Galactica, main characters Troy and Dillon seek out a Professor Mortensen in the hopes that he is enlightened enough to hear them out, and leave him a message by making an addition to a formula on his computer, perhaps an homage to the scene between Klaatu and the doctor.
  • In the animated series Ed, Edd, N' Eddy, one of the episodes is titled "The Day The Ed Stood Still" in reference to the film.
  • In the film Army of Darkness, a phrase similar to "Klaatau barada nikto" was used as a set of magic words, "Klaatu verada nikto", which must be spoken accurately to safely gain access to the Necronomicon, a tome of evil magic.
  • In the film Tron, a poster in Alan's cubicle reads "Gort Klaatu Barada Nikto."
  • There is a remake with possible release sometime in 2008
  • When the aliens arrive, some of the characters are watching this film in the movie Independence Day
  • In a Stargate SG-1 episode, (Point of No Return) Colonel. Jock O'Neill is watching The Day The Earth Stood Still.

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ In fact only two men out of a crew of four leave the tank (a M41 Walker Bulldog) before it is destroyed; this can be regarded possibly as a goof.

[edit] External links

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aa - ab - af - ak - als - am - an - ang - ar - arc - as - ast - av - ay - az - ba - bar - bat_smg - bcl - be - be_x_old - bg - bh - bi - bm - bn - bo - bpy - br - bs - bug - bxr - ca - cbk_zam - cdo - ce - ceb - ch - cho - chr - chy - co - cr - crh - cs - csb - cu - cv - cy - da - de - diq - dsb - dv - dz - ee - el - eml - eo - es - et - eu - ext - fa - ff - fi - fiu_vro - fj - fo - fr - frp - fur - fy - ga - gan - gd - gl - glk - gn - got - gu - gv - ha - hak - haw - he - hi - hif - ho - hr - hsb - ht - hu - hy - hz - ia - id - ie - ig - ii - ik - ilo - io - is - it - iu - ja - jbo - jv - ka - kaa - kab - kg - ki - kj - kk - kl - km - kn - ko - kr - ks - ksh - ku - kv - kw - ky - la - lad - lb - lbe - lg - li - lij - lmo - ln - lo - lt - lv - map_bms - mdf - mg - mh - mi - mk - ml - mn - mo - mr - mt - mus - my - myv - mzn - na - nah - nap - nds - nds_nl - ne - new - ng - nl - nn - no - nov - nrm - nv - ny - oc - om - or - os - pa - pag - pam - pap - pdc - pi - pih - pl - pms - ps - pt - qu - quality - rm - rmy - rn - ro - roa_rup - roa_tara - ru - rw - sa - sah - sc - scn - sco - sd - se - sg - sh - si - simple - sk - sl - sm - sn - so - sr - srn - ss - st - stq - su - sv - sw - szl - ta - te - tet - tg - th - ti - tk - tl - tlh - tn - to - tpi - tr - ts - tt - tum - tw - ty - udm - ug - uk - ur - uz - ve - vec - vi - vls - vo - wa - war - wo - wuu - xal - xh - yi - yo - za - zea - zh - zh_classical - zh_min_nan - zh_yue - zu