Victoria, Princess Royal

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For other princesses named "Victoria", see Princess Victoria

Victoria of the United Kingdom
Princess Royal of the United Kingdom; German Empress
Crown Princess of Prussia, painting by Franz Winterhalter
Consort	9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888
Consort to	Frederick III, German Emperor
Issue
William II, German Emperor Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen Prince Henry Prince Sigismund Princess Victoria Prince Waldemar Sophia, Queen of Greece Margaret, Princess Frederick of Hesse
Full name
Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise
Detail Titles
HI&RM The Empress Frederick, Queen Dowager of Prussia HI&RM The German Empress, Queen of Prussia HI&RH The German Crown Princess, Crown Princess of Prussia HRH The Crown Princess of Prussia HRH Princess Friedrich of Prussia HRH The Princess Royal HRH The Princess Victoria
Royal house	House of Hohenzollern House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Father	Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Mother	Victoria
Born	21 November 1840 Buckingham Palace, London
Baptised	10 February 1841 Buckingham Palace, London
Died	5 August 1901 Friedrichshof, Germany
Burial	13 August 1901 Friedenskirche, Potsdam

Victoria of the United Kingdom (born Victoria Adelaide Mary Louise) 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria and her consort Albert. She was created Princess Royal of the United Kingdom in 1841. She became Empress consort in Germany and Queen of Prussia by marriage to German Emperor Frederick III. After her husband's death, she became widely known as Empress Frederick (or, in German: "Kaiserin Friedrich").

Contents 1 Early life 2 Marriage 3 Crown Princess of Prussia 4 German Empress & Empress Frederick 5 Death 6 Titles, styles, honours and arms 6.1 Titles 7 Ancestors 8 Issue 9 See also

[edit] Early life

Princess Victoria was born on 21 November 1840 at Buckingham Palace, London. Her mother was the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria, the only daughter of King George III's fourth eldest son, Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent. Her father was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. She was baptised in the Throne Room of Buckingham Palace on 10 February 1841 by William Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury and her godparents were the Dowager Queen Adelaide, the King of the Belgians, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the Duke of Sussex, the Duchess of Gloucester and the Duchess of Kent.

As a daughter of the sovereign, Victoria was automatically a British princess with the style Her Royal Highness, styled HRH The Princess Victoria (and in addition being heiress presumptive to the throne of the United Kingdom before the birth of her younger brother Prince Albert, later Edward VII on 9 November 1841). In 1841, the Queen created Victoria Princess Royal, giving her an honorary title sometimes conferred on the eldest daughter of the sovereign. Victoria was then styled HRH The Princess Royal. To her family she was known simply as Vicky.

The education of Victoria was closely supervised by her parents. She was precocious and intelligent, unlike her brother Albert Edward. She was taught to read and write before the age of five by her governess Lady Lyttelton and to speak French by her French nursery maid. The Princess Royal learned French and German from various governesses, and science, literature, Latin, and history from Sara Ann Hildyard. Prince Albert tutored her in politics and philosophy.

[edit] Marriage

In 1851, Victoria met her future husband, Prince Frederick William of Prussia (18 October 1831-15 June 1888), when he and his parents were invited to London by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to attend the opening of the Great Exhibition. At the time, Frederick, the son of Prince William of Prussia and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar, was second in line to the Prussian throne. The couple was engaged in 1855 while Frederick was on a visit to Balmoral.

The Prussian Court and Buckingham Palace publicly announced the engagement on 19 May 1857. The couple was married, at Queen Victoria's insistence, at the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace, on 25 January 1858. The marriage was both a love match and a dynastic alliance. The Queen and Prince Albert hoped that Victoria's marriage to the future king of Prussia would cement close ties between London and Berlin, and possibly lead to the emergence of a unified and liberal Germany.

[edit] Crown Princess of Prussia

In January 1861, on the death of his childless uncle Frederick William IV of Prussia and the accession of his father as King William I, Prince Frederick became Crown Prince of Prussia, Victoria therefore became Crown Princess. The new Crown Prince and Crown Princess, however, were politically isolated; their liberal and Anglophile views clashed with the authoritarian rule of the Prussian minister-president, Otto von Bismarck.

During the three Wars of German Unification – the 1864 Prussian-Danish War, the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, and the 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War – Victoria and Frederick strongly identified with the cause of Prussia and the North German Confederation. Their sympathies created a rift among Queen Victoria's extended family, since Victoria's younger brother, the Prince of Wales, was married to Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the elder daughter of Christian IX of Denmark, who was also reigning duke of the disputed territories of Schleswig and Holstein. At Versailles on 18 January 1871, the victorious princes of the North German Confederation proclaimed a German Empire with King William I of Prussia as the hereditary German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser) with the style Imperial and Royal Majesty (Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät); Frederick and Victoria became German Crown Prince and German Crown Princess with the style Imperial and Royal Highness (Kaiserliche und Königliche Hoheit).

British Royalty
House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Descendants of Victoria & Albert
Victoria, Princess Royal
Edward VII
Princess Alice
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha
Princess Helena
Princess Louise
Arthur, Duke of Connaught
Leopold, Duke of Albany
Princess Beatrice

[edit] German Empress & Empress Frederick

On the death of his father on 9 March 1888, the Crown Prince ascended the throne as the Emperor Frederick III (and as King Frederick III of Prussia) and Victoria adopted the title and style of Her Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Empress. Frederick, however, was terminally ill with throat cancer and died after reigning 99 days. From then on she was known simply as The Empress Frederick.

The widowed Victoria lived in retirement at Friedrichshof, a country house she built near Kronberg. Politically, she remained a liberal and because of this, her already strained relationship with her son Emperor William II deteriorated. In Berlin, Victoria established schools for the higher education of girls and for nurses' training. She patronized the arts and learning, becoming one of the organizers of the 1872 Industrial Art Exhibition.

Throughout her married life and widowhood, Victoria kept in close touch with other members of the British Royal Family, particularly her younger brother, the future Edward VII. She maintained a regular correspondence with her mother. According to the Royal Encyclopaedia, some 3,777 letters from Queen Victoria to her eldest daughter have been catalogued, as well as more than 4,000 from daughter to mother.

[edit] Death

Victoria died of cancer of the spine at Friedrichshof on the 5 August 1901, less than seven months after the death of her mother, Queen Victoria. She was interred next to her husband at the royal mausoleum of the Friedenskirche at Potsdam on the 13 August 1901.

[edit] Titles, styles, honours and arms

[edit] Titles

• 1840-1841: Her Royal Highness The Princess Victoria
• 1841-1858: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal
• 1858-1861: Her Royal Highness Princess Friedrich of Prussia
• 1861-1871: Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Prussia
• 1871-1888: Her Imperial and Royal Highness The German Crown Princess, Crown Princess of Prussia
• 1888: Her Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Empress, Queen of Prussia
• 1888-1901: Her Imperial and Royal Majesty The Empress Frederick, Queen Dowager of Prussia

[edit] Ancestors

Victoria, Princess Royal's ancestors in three generations

Victoria, Princess Royal	Father: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Paternal grandfather: Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Paternal great-grandfather: Francis Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
			Paternal great-grandmother: Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
		Paternal grandmother: Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg	Paternal great-grandfather: Emil, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
			Paternal great-grandmother: Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
	Mother: Victoria of the United Kingdom	Maternal grandfather: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent	Maternal great-grandfather: George III of the United Kingdom
			Maternal great-grandmother: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
		Maternal grandmother: Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld	Maternal great-grandfather: Francis Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
			Maternal great-grandmother: Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf

[edit] Issue

Victoria and Frederick had eight children:

Name	Birth	Death	Notes
William II, German Emperor	27 January 1859	4 June 1941	married (1), Princess Auguste Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein; died 1921; had issue (2), Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz
Princess Charlotte, Duchess of Saxe-Meiningen	24 July 1860	1 October 1919	married Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
Prince Henry	14 August 1862	20 April 1929	married Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine; had issue
Prince Sigismund	15 September 1864	18 June 1866 (meningitis)
Princess Victoria	12 April 1866	13 November 1929	married (1), 19 November 1890, Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe; he died 1916; no issue (2), 19 November 1927, Alexander Zoubkov; no issue
Prince Waldemar of Prussia	10 February 1868	27 March 1879 (diphtheria)
Sophie, Queen of the Hellenes	14 June 1870	13 January 1932	married, 27 October 1889, Constantine I, King of the Hellenes
Margaret, Princess Frederick of Hesse	22 April 1872	22 January 1954	married, 25 January 1893, Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse; had issue

[edit] See also

Kronberg, the former home of Empress Frederick: [1]

Preceded by Augusta of Saxe-Weimar

German Empress, Queen of Prussia 9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888

Succeeded by Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein