Virus classification

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Virus classification involves naming and placing viruses into a taxonomic system. Like the relatively consistent classification systems seen for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals. This is largely due to the pseudo-living nature of viruses, which are not yet definitively living or non-living. As such, they do not fit neatly into the established biological classification system in place for cellular organisms, such as plants and animals, for several reasons.

Virus classification is based mainly on phenotypic characteristics, including morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. A combination of two main schemes is currently in widespread use for the classification of viruses. David Baltimore, a Nobel Prize-winning biologist, devised the Baltimore classification system, which places viruses into one of seven groups. These groups are designated by Roman numerals and separate viruses based on their mode of replication, and genome type. Accompanying this broad method of classification are specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines set out by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

Contents 1 Classification systems 1.1 Baltimore classification 1.2 ICTV classification 2 Virus classification 2.1 DNA viruses 2.2 RNA viruses 2.3 Reverse transcribing viruses 3 Subviral agents 3.1 Viroids 3.2 Satellites 4 See also 5 External links

[edit] Classification systems

[edit] Baltimore classification

Main article: Baltimore classification

Baltimore classification is a classification system which places viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), and method of replication. Other classifications are determined by the disease caused by the virus or its morphology, neither of which are satisfactory due to different viruses either causing the same disease or looking very similar. In addition, viral structures are often difficult to determine under the microscope. Classifying viruses according to their genome means that those in a given category will all behave in a similar fashion, offering some indication of how to proceed with further research. Viruses can be placed in one of the seven following groups:

• Group I: double-stranded DNA viruses
• Group II: single-stranded DNA viruses
• Group III: double-stranded RNA viruses
• Group IV: positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
• Group V: negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
• Group VI: reverse transcribing Diploid single-stranded RNA viruses
• Group VII: reverse transcribing Circular double-stranded DNA viruses

[edit] ICTV classification

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses devised and implemented several rules on the naming and classification of viruses early in the 1990's. To this day they oversee the naming and placement of viral species into the framework. The system shares many features with the classification system of cellular organisms, such as taxon structure. Viral classification starts at the level of order and follows as thus, with the taxon suffixes given in italics:

Order (-virales)

Family (-viridae)

Subfamily (-virinae)

Genus (-virus)

Species (-virus)

However, this system of nomenclature differs from other taxonomic codes on several points. A minor point is that names of orders and families are italicized, as in the ICBN. Most notably, species names generally take the form of [Disease] Virus. The recognition of orders is very recent and has been deliberately slow; to date, only three have been named, and most families remain unplaced. Approximately 80 families and 4000 species of virus are known.

[edit] Virus classification

[edit] DNA viruses

• Group I: viruses possess double-stranded DNA and include such virus families as Herpesviridae (examples like HSV1 (oral herpes), HSV2 (genital herpes), VZV (chickenpox), EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), CMV (Cytomegalovirus)), Poxviridae (smallpox) and many tailed bacteriophages. The mimivirus was also placed into this group.
• Group II: viruses possess single-stranded DNA and include such virus families as Parvoviridae and the important bacteriophage M13.

[edit] RNA viruses

• Group III: viruses possess double-stranded RNA genomes, e.g. rotavirus. These genomes are always segmented.
• Group IV: viruses possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. Many well known viruses are found in this group, including the picornaviruses (which is a family of viruses that includes well-known viruses like Hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, poliovirus, and foot-and-mouth virus), SARS virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, and rubella virus.
• Group V: viruses possess negative-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. The deadly Ebola and Marburg viruses are well known members of this group, along with influenza virus, measles, mumps and rabies.

[edit] Reverse transcribing viruses

• Group VI: viruses possess single-stranded RNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase. The retroviruses are included in this group, of which HIV is a member.
• Group VII: viruses possess double-stranded DNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase. The hepatitis B virus can be found in this group.

A. DNA Viruses

Virus Family	Virus Genus	Virion- naked/ enveloped	Capsid Symmetry	Type of nucleic acid
1.Adenoviridae	Adenovirus	Naked	Icosahedral	ds
2.Papovaviridae	Papillomavirus	Naked	Icosahedral	ds circular
3.Parvoviridae	B 19 virus	Naked	Icosahedral	ss
4.Herpesviridae	Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella zoster virus, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus	Enveloped	Icosahedral	ds
5.Poxviridae	Small pox virus, Vaccinia virus	Complex coats	Complex	ds
6.Hepadnaviridae	Hepatitis B virus	Enveloped	Icosahedral	ds circular

B. RNA Virus

Virus Family	Virus Genus	Virion- naked/ enveloped	Capsid Symmetry	Type of nucleic acid
1.Reoviridae	Reovirus, Rotavirus	Naked	Icosahedral	ds
2.Picornaviridae	Poliovirus, Rhinovirus, Hepatitis A virus	Naked	Icosahedral	ss
3.Caliciviridae	Norwalk virus, Hepatitis E virus	Naked	Icosahedral	ss
4.Togaviridae	Rubella virus	Enveloped	Icosahedral	ss
5.Arenaviridae	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus	Enveloped	Complex	ss
6.Retroviridae	HIV, Human T cell leukemia	Enveloped	Complex	ss
7.Flaviviridae	Dengue virus, Hepatitis C virus, Yellow fever virus	Enveloped	Complex	ss
8.Orthomyxoviridae	Influenza virus	Enveloped	Helical	ss
9.Paramyxoviridae	Measles virus, Mumps virus, Respiratory syncytial virus	Enveloped	Helical	ss
10.Bunyaviridae	California encephalitis virus, Hantavirus	Enveloped	Helical	ss
11.Rhabdoviridae	Rabies virus	Enveloped	Helical	ss
12.Filoviridae	Ebola virus, Marburg virus	Enveloped	Helical	ss
13.Coronaviridae	Corona virus	Enveloped	Complex	ss
14.Astroviridae	Astro virus	Naked	Icosahedral	ss
15.Bornaviridae	Borna disease virus	Enveloped	Helical	ss

[edit] Subviral agents

The following agents are smaller than viruses but have some of their properties.

[edit] Viroids

• Family Pospiviroidae
  • Genus Pospiviroid; type species: Potato spindle tuber viroid
  • Genus Hostuviroid; type species: Hop stunt viroid
  • Genus Cocadviroid; type species: Coconut cadang-cadang viroid
  • Genus Apscaviroid; type species: Apple scar skin viroid
  • Genus Coleviroid; type species: Coleus blumei viroid 1
• Family Avsunviroidae
  • Genus Avsunviroid; type species: Avocado sunblotch viroid
  • Genus Pelamoviroid; type species: Peach latent mosaic viroid

[edit] Satellites

• Satellite viruses
  • Single-stranded RNA satellite viruses
    • Subgroup 1: Chronic bee-paralysis satellite virus
    • Subgroup 2: Tobacco necrosis satellite virus
• Satellite nucleic acids
  • Single-stranded satellite DNAs
  • Double-stranded satellite RNAs
  • Single-stranded satellite RNAs
    • Subgroup 1: Large satellite RNAs
    • Subgroup 2: Small linear satellite RNAs
    • Subgroup 3: Circular satellite RNAs

[edit] See also

• Binomial nomenclature
• International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
• List of viruses
• Scientific classification
• Taxonomy
• Trinomial nomenclature
• Virology

[edit] External links

• ICTV Index of Viruses
• MicrobiologyBytes: 8th ICTV Index classification
• The Baltimore Method