Wilhelm Groener
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener (November 22, 1867 - May 3, 1939) was a German soldier and politician.
[edit] Biography
He was born in Ludwigsburg, Württemberg, the son of a regimental paymaster. He entered the Württemburg Army in 1884, and attended the War Academy from 1893 until 1897, whereupon he was appointed to the General Staff (1899). For the next seventeen years he was attached to the railway section, becoming head of it in 1912. In November of 1916 he moved into the Prussian War Ministry as deputy war minister and was in charge of war production. In August 1917 Groener took a field command in the Ukraine.
On the resignation of Erich Ludendorff on October 29, 1918, Groener became First Quartermaster General (Deputy Chief of the General Staff) under Field Marshal von Hindenburg. Germany's military situation was worsening under the onslaught of the enemy, and social unrest and rebellion among both the German armed forces and the civilian population threatened to break out into revolution. In November, Groener advised Kaiser Wilhelm II that he had lost the confidence of the armed forces and recommended abdication to the monarch.
With the Kaiser's abdication on November 9, 1918 the Marxist Spartacist League had declared a soviet republic in Berlin. Social Democrat leaders Friedrich Ebert (newly-named Chancellor) and Philipp Scheidemann sought to forestall the Communists' action and — evidently on the spur of the moment — Scheidemann proclaimed the Republic.
Groener, who was second-in-command of the German Army and who had known Ebert from the soldier's days in charge of war production, contacted the socialist leader that evening. The two men concluded the so-called Ebert-Groener pact, which was to remain secret for a number of years. For his part of the pact, Ebert agreed to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Army's role as one of the pillars of the German state; Groener in turn agreed to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new government. For this act, Groener earned the enmity of much of the military leadership, much of whom sought the retention of the monarchy.
Groener subsequently oversaw the retreat and demobilisation of the defeated German army after World War I ended with the armistice of November 11, 1918.
After his resignation from the army (September 30, 1919), Groener was in and out of retirement during the 1920's. He served as Transportation Minister between 1920 and 1923. He succeeded Otto Geßler as Defence Minister in 1928, a post he held until 1932. In 1931 he also became Interior Minister, and favoured the banning of the Nazi storm troopers (SA). After Franz von Papen replaced Heinrich Brüning as Chancellor, Groener retired from public life.
Groener was married twice: Helene Geyer (1864-1926), with one daughter, and Ruth Naeher-Glück, with whom he had a son. Groener died in Bornstedt bei Potsdam on May 3, 1939.
[edit] Reference
- Groener, Wilhelm. Lebenserinnerungen: Jugend-Generalstab-Weltkrieg. Edited by Friedrich Frhr. Hiller von Gaertringen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1957.
- Groener-Geyer, Dorothea. General Groener: Soldat und Staatsmann. Frankfurt a. M.: Societäts-Verlag, 1955.
- Haeussler, Helmut H. General William Groener and the Imperial German Arm. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin for Dept. of History, University of Wisconsin, 1962.
- Hürter, Johannes. Wilhelm Groener: Reichswehrminister am Ende der Weimarer Republik (1928-1932). Munich: Oldenbourg, 1993.
- Rakenius, Gerhard W. Wilhelm Groener als Erster Generalquartiermeister: Die Politik der Obersten Heeresleitung 1918/19. Boppard a.R.: Boldt, 1977.
- Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John. The Nemesis of Power: German Army in Politics, 1918-1945. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing Company, 2005.
| Military Offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg |
Chief of the General Staff 1919 |
Succeeded by Hans von Seeckt |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Gustav Bauer |
Transportation Minister of Germany 1920–1923 |
Succeeded by Rudolf Oeser |
| Preceded by Otto Geßler |
Defence Minister of Germany 1928–1932 |
Succeeded by Kurt von Schleicher |
| Preceded by Joseph Wirth |
Interior Minister of Germany 1931–1932 |
Succeeded by Wilhelm Freiherr von Gayl |
Konstantin Fehrenbach (Chancellor, Z) | Rudolf Heinze (DVP) | Walter Simons (independent) | Erich Koch-Weser (DDP) | Joseph Wirth (Z) | Ernst Scholz (DVP) | Andreas Hermes (Z) | Heinrich Brauns (Z) | Otto Gessler (DDP) | Wilhelm Groener (independent) | Johannes Giesberts (Z) | Hans von Raumer (DVP)
Hermann Müller (Chancellor, SPD) | Gustav Stresemann (DVP) | Julius Curtius (DVP) | Carl Severing (SPD) | Erich Koch-Weser (DDP) | Theodor von Guérard (Z) | Rudolf Hilferding (SPD) | Paul Moldenhauer (DVP) | Robert Schmidt (SPD) | Hermann Dietrich (DDP) | Rudolf Wissell (SPD) | Wilhelm Groener (independent) | Georg Schätzel (BVP) | Adam Stegerwald (Z) | Joseph Wirth (Z)
