William Remington
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William Walter Remington (1917–1954) was an economist employed in various federal government positions until his career was interrupted by accusations of espionage made by the Soviet spy and defector Elizabeth Bentley. He was convicted of perjury in connection with these charges in 1953, and murdered in prison in 1954. His death has been cited as one of the few murders attributable to McCarthyism.[1]
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[edit] Early life and public career
Born in New Jersey, Remington graduated Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1939 and earned a Master's degree from Columbia University in 1940. Remington's parents were poor and demanding and he developed a somewhat unconventional and flamboyant personality. From an early age, he was drawn to radical leftist politics, and declared to his friends that he was a Communist when he was 15. In college, he became active with members of the Young Communist League, and later the Communist Party of the United States. Whether or not he ever officially joined the party would later become a point of contention in his legal battles.
Remington was employed in a number of posts, principally as an economist:
- Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee, September 1936 to May 1937;
- Workers Education Committee, Knoxville, April to August 1937;
- Junior Economist with the National Resources Planning Board, Washington D.C, May 1940 to July 15, 1941;
- Associate industrial economist in the Office of Price Administration of the Office for Emergency Management, from July 1941 to February 1942;
- Assistant to the Director of the War Production Board, February 1942 to October 1943;
- Assistant to the Director of Orders and Regulations Bureau in the War Production Board, October 1943 to 1946;
- President's Council of Economic Advisors, 1946 to June, 1948.
For his position with the Office of Price Administration, Remington was required to undergo a loyalty-security check, which began in 1941. He admitted having been active in Communist-allied groups such as the American Peace Mobilization, but denied any sympathy with communism and swore under oath that he was not and had never been a member of the Communist Party. Some questions were raised by Remington's leftist affiliations, but the investigation was superficial and his security clearance was approved.
[edit] Accusations of espionage
In March 1942 and continuing for two years, Remington had occasional meetings with Elizabeth Bentley in which he passed information to her. This material included data on airplane production and other matters concerning the aircraft industry, as well as some information on an experimental process for manufacturing synthetic rubber. Remington would later claim that he was unaware that Bentley was connected with the Communist Party, that he believed she was a journalist and researcher, and that the information he gave her was not secret. In fact, Bentley was not only a Communist and an espionage agent for the Soviet Union, but in 1945 she would break with the Communists and become an informer for the FBI. She would implicate a number of her contacts, including Remington. Bentley's revelations of Soviet espionage activities in the United States received a great deal of press attention. Of the more than 80 Americans--including several employees of government offices--she named as working for the Soviets, only William Remington was still working in a government position.
Acting on Bentley's information, the FBI began a secret surveillance of Remington in late 1945. Remington had by this time become disillusioned with communism and broken off his relationships with radical organizations, so the investigation revealed nothing of interest.[2] In 1946, Remington was working with the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion. From there he transferred to a position with the President's Council of Economic Advisors. Because the FBI was keeping Bentley's testimony and its investigation of Remington secret, it raised no objection, with the result that Remington remained in fairly high-level government posts.
In 1947, Remington was interviewed by the FBI and also questioned before a federal grand jury in New York City about the information he gave to Elizabeth Bentley. He testified that no secret information was involved, and the issue seemed to end there. In an apparent attempt to bolster belief in his innocence, Remington became an anti-communist informer from this time and for the following year. He sent the FBI information on over fifty people, only four of whom were connected with his case. Most of those he named he had never met. He accused them of being Communists, isolationists, Negro nationalists, or "extreme liberals." He also verbally attacked his wife Ann, from whom he was now estranged, and his mother-in-law Elizabeth Moos, both avowed Communists.
Another loyalty investigation of Remington was opened early in 1948, and in June, he was relieved of his duties pending the findings of that investigation. In July of that year, the New York World-Telegram published a series of articles about Elizabeth Bentley, and the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations opened hearings to investigate her charges. At these hearings, Bentley made her accusations against Remington, and in his own testimony, Remington once again denied them. Remington's name and the charges against him were now public; the Washington Post called him "a boob . . . who was duped by clever Communist agents." At his loyalty review hearings, Remington downplayed his earlier connections with Communist and leftist organizations, and claimed that his wife's adherence to Communist doctrine was the reason for the end of their marriage.
While testifying before the Senate, Bentley was protected from libel suits. When she repeated her charge that Remington was a Communist on NBC Radio's Meet the Press, he sued her and NBC for libel. At this point, Remington's case acquired considerable notoriety. When Remington's lawyers attempted to subpoena Bentley, she initially could not be found, prompting headlines of "RED WITNESS "MISSING" AT 100-G SLANDER SUIT" and the like. When she finally reappeared, she was subpoenaed for the libel suit, but refused to testify at Remington's still-ongoing loyalty hearing. The Loyalty Review Board noted that the only serious evidence against Remington was "the uncorroborated statement of a woman who refuses to submit herself to cross-examination,"[3] and cleared Remington to return to his government post. The libel suit was settled out of court shortly after this, with NBC paying Remington $10,000.
[edit] Second round of investigations
In 1950, the FBI and the federal grand jury in New York City both reopened their investigations of Remington. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) also opened new investigation of him. Because of continuing suspicions about him, Remington had been demoted in his position with the Commerce Department, and his once-promising career in the Truman administration was stagnant. Ann Remington, now divorced from William, was subpoenaed to testify before the grand jury. After initial reluctance, she testified that her husband had been a dues-paying member of the Communist Party, and that he had given secret information to Elizabeth Bentley, knowing that Bentley was a Communist herself. However, a few days later she recanted, and stated that she would claim marital privilege and refuse to testify against her ex-husband in any trial.
Despite uncertainty about the quality of their case, the grand jury decided to indict Remington for committing perjury when he denied ever being a member of the Communist Party.
[edit] Two trials
Remington's first trial began in late December 1950. The prosecution team was joined by Roy Cohn, later to become famous as Joseph McCarthy's chief counsel and already a noted anti-communist. By the time of the trial, Ann Remington had changed her mind again, and she testified that her ex-husband had been a Communist Party member, and that he had knowingly given secret information to Elizabeth Bentley. Bentley also testified, repeating her charge that Remington had given her secret information, saying with regard to the synthetic rubber formula, "He said to me that… he thought that the Russians would need something very much like this."[4] The prosecution also showed that Remington had handled secret documents that were somewhat similar to the aircraft production information that Bentley said she received from Remington.
During the trial, the defense attorneys revealed that John Brunini, the foreman of the grand jury that indicted Remington, had a personal and financial relationship with Elizabeth Bentley, having agreed to coauthor a book with her.
After a seven-week trial, Remington was convicted. Judge Gregory E. Noonan handed down a sentence of five years--the maximum for perjury--noting that Remington's act of perjury had involved disloyalty to his country. In the atmosphere of McCarthyism prevalent at the time, Remington's conviction was celebrated by many. An editorial in The Washington Daily News stated in part:
- "William W. Remington now joins the odiferous list of young Communist punks who wormed their way upward in the Government under the New Deal. He was sentenced to five years in prison, and he should serve every minute of it. In Russia, he would have been shot without trial."[5]
Remington's attorneys appealed the verdict, and the judicial panel hearing the case included Judge Learned Hand, considered one of America's most eminent jurists. The conviction was overturned on the grounds that Judge Noonan's instructions to the jury were too vague as to exactly what constituted "membership" in the Communist Party, and a new trial was ordered. Learned Hand also criticized grand jury foreman John Brunini and Thomas Donegan, the assistant to the Attorney General who directed the grand jury investigation, over Brunini's relationship with Bentley and for "judicial improprieties" in their abusive treatment of both Ann and William Remington during questioning.[6]
Instead of retrying Remington under the existing indictment, the government presented a new indictment, this one charging Remington with five counts of perjury, all of them regarding points of testimony he had made during the first trial. Not included was the charge from the first trial: that he perjured himself when denying he had ever been a Communist Party member.
The second Remington trial began in January 1953 with Judge Vincent L. Leibell presiding. This trial proceeded much more quickly, lasting only 8 days. The jury found Remington guilty of two counts of perjury: in his testimony that he had not given secret information to Elizabeth Bentley, and that he did not know of the existence of the Young Communist League, which had a chapter at Dartmouth while Remington was a student there. Judge Leibell sentenced Remington to three years in prison. While his attorneys prepared another appeal, Remington began his sentence at Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary. The appeals court upheld the verdict, and in February 1954, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case.
[edit] Imprisonment and murder
One of Remington's fellow inmates at Lewisburg was George McCoy, a violent man with an I.Q. of 61. McCoy was known to have made a number of angry remarks about Remington's supposed communism. On the morning of November 22, 1954, McCoy convinced another inmate, 17-year-old juvenile delinquent Lewis Cagle, Jr., to join him in attacking Remington as he slept. Cagle used a piece of brick in a sock as a weapon, striking Remington four times on the head. Two days later, Remington died of his injuries. In reporting the attack to Remington's second wife, the prison warden described it as "not a personal attack against Bill. . . but just the actions of a couple of hoodlums who got all worked up by . . . the publicity about Communists."[7]
With his death, Remington was once again in the headlines. Much attention was focused on whether more should have been done to protect him in prison, and whether his murder was motivated by anti-communism. When Cagle confessed, the FBI made an attempt to quell this speculation by instructing him to phrase his description of the crime as if he and McCoy had been trying to rob Remington.[8] However, when McCoy confessed four days later, he proudly bragged that he hated Remington for being a Communist and denied any robbery motive.
Worried that Cagle and McCoy's confessions might be ruled inadmissible and afraid that a jury would be sympathetic towards men who murdered a Communist,[9] U.S. attorney J. Julius Levy accepted pleas of second degree murder from McCoy and Cagle. The two men received life sentences.
In the conclusion to his book, biographer Gary May says of Remington: "Clearly, Remington was no political innocent duped by the Communists, and his conviction for perjury seems justified. Yet Remington was no pro-Soviet automaton, no slave to Party or ideology, and not even the FBI, at least privately, was willing to classify him as a Russian spy."
[edit] References and notes
The primary reference for this article is:
- May, Gary (1994), Un-American Activities: The Trials of William Remington, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-504980-2
