Yue Fei

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Statue of Yue Fei, from the Yue Fei Mausoleum in Hangzhou. The four characters on his banner say, Huan wo he shan , or "Give back my rivers and mountains".
Names (details)
Known in English as:	Yue Fei, Yueh Fei, Yo Fei, Yao Fei, Ngok Fei, Nawk Fai
Traditional Chinese:	岳飛
Simplified Chinese:	岳飞
Hanyu Pinyin:	Yuè Fēi
Wade-Giles:	Yüeh Fei
Cantonese:	Ngok6 Fei1
Vietnamese:	Nhạc Phi
Courtesy name:	Pengju
Traditional Chinese:	鵬舉
Simplified Chinese:	鹏举
Hanyu Pinyin:	Péngjǔ
Wade-Giles:	P'eng Chü
Cantonese:	Paang4 Geui2
Posthumous name(s):	Wumu , Zhongwu
Chinese:	武穆 , 忠武
Hanyu Pinyin:	Wǔmù , Zhōngwǔ
Wade-Giles:	Wumu , Jungwu
Cantonese:	Mou5 Muk6 , Jung1 Mou5

Yue Fei (Traditional Chinese: 岳飛; Simplified Chinese: 岳飞; pinyin: Yuè Fēi; March 17, 1103 - January 27, 1142) was a Chinese patriot and nationalist military leader who fought for the Southern Song Dynasty against the Jurchen armies of the Jin Dynasty.^[1] Since his death, Yue Fei has evolved into the standard model of loyalty in Chinese culture.

Contents 1 Yue Fei’s biographies 1.1 Yue Fei Biography 1.2 The Story of Yue Fei 1.3 Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E 2 Birth & Early Life 2.1 Martial Training 2.2 Famous Tattoo 3 Adult life 3.1 Portrait 3.2 Family 3.3 Military Record 4 Death 4.1 Kneeling Iron Statues 5 Talents 5.1 Martial Arts 5.1.1 Connection to Praying Mantis boxing 5.2 Poetry 6 Modern Day 6.1 Film 6.2 Stage 6.3 Boardgames 6.4 Storytelling 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Yue Fei’s biographies

[edit] Yue Fei Biography

In 1345, Yuan Dynasty Prime-Minister Toktoghan (Chinese: 脫脫) (1314-1355) finished compiling the Sòng Shǐ (Chinese: 宋史 - "History of Song"), a massive 496 volume record of various historical events and biographies of noted Song Dynasty personage. The 365th volume in this collection is the Yue Fei Zhuan (Chinese: 岳飞传 – "Yue Fei Biography") (biography 124), which was presumably written with material originally gathered by Yue's grandson, the poet and historian Yue Ke (Chinese: 岳柯) (1183-post 1240).^[2][3][4]

Although it is part of a historic text, this biography includes supernatural elements. For instance, it mentions how Yue's father, Yue Huo (Chinese: 岳和), named him Fei (Chinese: 飞 - “fly”) because a magical Peng alighted on the roof of their family home. It also states Yue Fei "possessed supernatural power" and could "draw a bow of 300 catties".^[5]

[edit] The Story of Yue Fei

Yue Fei's second biography, a wuxia fiction named Shuo Yue Quan Zhuan (Chinese: 說岳全傳 - "The Story of Yue Fei", literally "Telling the Complete Biography of Yue Fei"), was written by Qian Cai (Chinese: 钱彩), who lived sometime during the reigns of Qing Dynasty Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Yongzheng (1661-1735).^[6] It was banned in the reign of Emperor Qianlong. There are two main versions of this novel in existence. The original had eighty chapters. There was an illustrated edition of this version published in 1912.^[7] Another edition with eighty chapters was published during the reign of Emperor Tongzhi (1861-1875). Starting in 1964 and finally finishing in 1995, Honorable Sir T.L. Yang (Chinese: 楊鐵樑爵士) (1934-present), former Chief Justice of Hong Kong from 1988 to 1995, current Chairman of the Hong Kong Red Cross, combined the first chapters of these works (in an attempt to weed out the overabundance of supernatural elements) to create a seventy-nine chapter version with 961 pages, which he translated into English. It is currently sold under the name General Yue Fei (ISBN 978-962-04-1279-0).

Some people mistakingly take this novel to be historical fact when it is purely fiction. (Example) In the introduction of his translation, Honorable Sir T.L. Yang states:

"The work is a historical novel in form, but it is in fact based almost mainly on legends which were current amongst the common people for centuries. Indeed some of the events described there are nothing more than Qian Cai's own imagination."^[6]

[edit] Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E

The Song Yue E Wang Nianpu (Chinese: 宋岳鄂王年譜 – “Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E [Wuchang, Hubei]”) was written by Qian Ru Wen (Chinese: 钱汝雯) in 1924.^[7]

[edit] Birth & Early Life

Several sources state Yue was born into a poor tenant farmer's family in Tanyin County, Anyang Prefecture, Henan province.^[5][6][8][9] According to The Story of Yue Fei, the Chinese immortal Chen Tuan, disguised as a wandering priest, warned the future-general's father, Yue Huo (Chinese: 岳和), to put his wife and child inside of a certain clay jar if baby Yue began to cry. A few days later, a young child squeezed Yue's hand too hard and he began to cry. Soon, it began to rain and the Yellow River flooded, wiping out Yue's village. His father held onto the clay jar as it was swept down the river, but eventually drowned. This well-known story is actually fiction. Although the much older Yue Fei Biography mentions the flood, it suggests that Yue Huo survived the flood. It reads, "侗死，溯望設祭于其冢。父義之，曰：“汝為時用，其徇國死義乎。"

"After [the death of his teacher Zhou Tong], [Yue Fei] would offer sacrifices at his tomb. His father praised him for his faithfulness and said, 'When you become used, you will serve the state well and die with righteousness.'"^[5]

It must be taken into account that the Yue Fei Biography was written more than three-hundred years before The Story of Yue Fei. According to A Chinese Biographical Dictionary, "His father went without food in order to feed the hungry; and if any one encroached upon his land, he would cut off the piece and present it to him."^[9] A 1930’s Xingyi manual, which details a Yue biography that appears to be a variation of the Biography of Song Yue, Prince of Yue, says Yue's family was very poor so he had to help his father do farm work during the day. Later it comments he enlisted in the military a total of four times starting from the age of nineteen. Yue was quickly made the “Captain of the ten squads” upon his first enlistment, but had to resign after the death of his father.^[10] In ancient china, a person was required by law to temporarily resign from their job so they could observe the customary period of mourning.^[11] For instance, Yue would have had to mourn his father’s passing for three years, but in all actuality only twenty-seven months. During this time, he would wear varying degrees of coarse mourning robes, caps, and slippers, while abstaining from silken garments.^[12]

The Story of Yue Fei gives a very detailed fictional account of Yue’s early life. The novel states after being swept from Henan to Hubei, Yue and his mother are saved by the country squire Wang Ming (Chinese: 王明) and are permitted to stay in the Wang manor as live-in-help. Young Yue Fei later becomes the adopted son and student of the Wang family’s teacher, Zhou Tong, a famous master of military skills. (Zhou Tong is not to be confused with the similarly named "Little King" of the Water Margin.) Zhou teaches Yue and his three sworn brothers--Wang Gui (Chinese: 王贵), Tang Huai (Chinese: 湯懷) and Zhang Xian (Chinese: 張顯)--literary lessons on odd days and military lessons, involving archery and the eighteen weapons of war, on even days.

After years of practice, Zhou Tong enters his students into the Tanyin County military exam, in which Yue Fei wins first place by shooting a succession of nine arrows through the bullseye of a target two-hundred and forty paces away. After this display of archery, Yue is asked to marry the daughter of Li Chun (Chinese: 李春), an old friend of Zhou's and the county magistrate who presided over the military exams. However, Zhou soon dies of an illness and Yue lives by his grave through the winter until the second month of the new year when his sworn-brothers come and tear it down, forcing him to return home and take care of his mother.

Yue eventually marries and later particpates in the Imperial military exams in the Song capital of Kaifeng. There, he defeats all competitors and even turns down an offer from Cai Gui (Chinese: 蔡桂), the Prince of Liang, to be richly rewarded if he forfits his chance for the military degree. This angers the prince and both agree to fight a private duel in which Yue kills the prince and is forced to flee the city for fear of being executed. Shortly thereafter, he joins the Song army to fight the invading Jurchen armies of the Jin Empire.^[6]

The Yue Fei Biography states “飞生时，有大禽若鹄，飞鸣室上，因以为名。未弥月，河决内黄，水暴至，母姚抱飞坐瓮中，冲涛及岸得免，人异之。-- 家貧力學，尤好【左氏春秋】、孫吳兵法。”^[5]

"When [Yue] was born, a Peng flew into the room, so his father named the child Fei [(Chinese: 飞 - "fly")]. Before [Yue] was even a month old, the Yellow River flooded, so his mother got inside of the center of a clay jar and held on to baby Yue. The violent waves pushed the jar down river, where they landed ashore … Despite his family's poverty, [Yue Fei] was studious, and particularly favored the Zuo Zhuan edition of the Spring and Autumn Annals and the strategies of Sun Tzu and Wu Qi."

According to one book by martial arts master Liang Shou Yu, "[A] Dapeng is a great big bird that lived in ancient china. Legend has it, that Dapeng was the guardian that stayed above the head of the first Buddha, Sakymuni. Dapeng could get rid of all evil in any area. Even the Monkey King was no match for it. During the Song Dynasty the government was corrupt and foreigners were constantly invading China. Sakyamuni sent Dapeng down to earth to protect China. Dapeng descended to earth and was born as Yue Fei." ^[13]

[edit] Martial Training

The Yue Fei Biography says, "Yue Fei possessed supernatural power and before his adulthood, he was able to draw a bow of 300 catties and a Cross-bow of 8 stone. [Yue Fei] learned archery from Zhou Tong. He learned everything and could fire with both hands."^[14][5] The Story of Yue Fei states Zhou teaches Yue and his sworn-brothers archery and all of the eighteen weapons of war. This fictional novel also says Yue was Zhou's third student after the Water Margin bandits Lin Chong and Lu Junyi. The Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E [Wuchang, Hubei]”) says he studied the bow and military tactics under the military leader Zhou Tong and the spear under the spear master Chen Guang (Chinese: 陈广). Before he was an adult, Yue could draw a bow of 300 catties and a crossbow of 8 stones and could fire a bow with either his left or right hand. He was the martial arts champion of China because no one could match his skill with the bow or spear.^[7][10][13]

However, Master Chen Guang is not mentioned in any of Yue's biographies written prior to the Qing Dynasty. This might lead some to believe he is a recent addition to the history of Yue Fei. Master Chen does appear in some Qing Dynasty documents like the Tangyin Xian Zhi (Chinese: 湯陰縣誌 – “Tangyin County Record”) and E Wang Shi (Chinese: 鄂王事 - "Hubei Prince Matter").^[15] The E Wang Shi records, "When Yue Fei reached adulthood, his maternal grandfather, Yao Daweng [(Chinese: 姚大翁)], hired a spear expert, Chen Guang, to teach Yue Fei spear fighting."^[16][15]

Both the Yue Fei Biography and E Wang Shi mention Yue learning from Zhou and Chen at or before his adulthood. The chinese word representing "adulthood" in these sources is Jí Guàn (Chinese: 及冠 - "Conferring Cap"), an ancient Chinese term that means "twenty years old" where a young man was able to wear a formal cap as a social status of adulthood.^[17][18] So he gained all of his martial arts knowledge by the time he joined the army at the age of nineteen.^[5][10]

These chronicles do not mention Yue’s masters teaching him any kind of martial arts style; just archery, spearplay and military tactics. But other sources state, in addition to those already mentioned, Zhou Tong taught Yue other skills such as hand-to-hand combat and horseback riding. Yet again, these do not mention any specific martial arts style. One legend says Zhou took young Yue to an unspecified place to meet a Buddhist hermit who taught him the Emei Dapeng Qigong (Chinese: 峨嵋大鵬氣功) style. This is supposedly the source of his legendary strength and martial arts abilities.^[8][13] According to thirteenth generation lineage Tai He ("Great Harmony") Wudangquan Master Fan Keping (Chinese: 范克平), a collector of rare Kung fu manuals, Yue’s teacher Zhou was a master of various "hard qigong" exercises.^[19] These include the Shènzi bādà Qígōng (Chinese: 肾子八大奇功 - "Testicle Eight Outstanding Techniques"), Hǔ Xiào Jīn Zhōng Zhào (Chinese: 虎啸金钟罩 – “Tiger Shouting Golden Bell Exercise"), Tie Bu Shan ("Five Phoenix Iron Shirt Work") and the Wu Feng Qi Ming Gui Xi Su ("Five Phoenix Combined Shouting Tortoise Resting Method"). He says Zhou learned these skills from an “unknown master” and passed it along to his students.^[20][21][22]

[edit] Famous Tattoo

According to legend, Yue's mother tattooed jìn zhōng bào guó (Simplified Chinese: 尽忠报国; Traditional Chinese: 盡忠報國; pinyin: - "serve the country with the utmost loyalty") across his back before he left home to join the army in 1122. The Biography of Yue Fei says after Qin Hui sent agents to arrest Yue Fei and his son, Yue Fei was taken before the court and charged with treason. But “飞裂裳以背示铸，有“尽忠报国”四大字，深入肤理。既而阅实无左验，铸明其无辜。”^[5]

"Yue ripped his jacket to reveal the four brush-stroke characters of “serve the country with the utmost loyalty” on his back. This proved he was clearly innocent of the charges."

In chapter twenty-one of The Story of Yue Fei entitled “By a pretext Wang Zuo swore brotherhood, By tattoos Lady Yue instructed her son”, Yue denounced the pirate chief Yang Yao (Chinese: 杨么) and passed on a chance to become a general in his army. Lady Yao then tells Yue, "I, your mother, saw that you did not accept recruitment of the rebellious thief, and that you willingly endure poverty and are not tempted by wealth and status … But I fear that after my death, there may be some unworthy creature who will enticed you … For these reason … I want to tattoo on your back the four characters ‘Utmost’, ‘Loyalty’, ‘Serve’ and ‘Nation’ ... The Lady picked up the brush and wrote out on his spine the four characters for 'serving the nation with the utmost loyalty' ... [So] she bit her teeth, and started pricking. Having finished, she painted the characters with ink mixed with vinegar so that the colour would never fade."^[6]

[edit] Adult life

[edit] Portrait

Southern Song Dynasty artist Liu Songnian (Chinese: 劉松年) (1174-1224), who was best known for his very realistic works, painted a picture called the "Four Generals of Zhongxing" (Chinese: 中兴四将).^[23] The group portrait shows eight people--four generals and four attendants. Starting from the left: attendant, Yue Fei, attendant, Zhang Jun (Chinese: 張浚), Han Shizhong (Chinese: 韓世忠), attendant, Liu Guangshi (Chinese: 劉光世), and attendant.^[24]

According to history professor He Zongli of Zhejiang University, the painting shows Yue was more of a scholarly general with a shorter stature and chubbier build than the statue of him currently displayed in his tomb in Hangzhou, which portrays him as being tall and skinny. Shen Lixin, an official with the Yue Fei Temple Administration, holds the portrait of Yue Fei from the “Four Generals of Zhongxing” to be the most accurate likeness of the general in existence.^[25]

[edit] Family

According to The Story of Yue Fei, he had five sons and one daughter. Yue Yun (Chinese: 岳雲) (1119-1142), the eldest, was adopted by Yue Fei when the boy was twelve-years-old; Yue Lei (Chinese: 岳雷), the second, Yue Fei's first real son, succeeded to his father's post; Yue Ting, (Chinese: 岳霆) was the third; Yue Lin (Chinese: 岳霖), was the fourth; and Yue Zhen (Chinese: 岳震), the fifth, was still young at the time of his father's death. Yue Yinping was Yue Fei's daughter. The fictional novel states she committed suicide after her father's death and became a fairy in heaven. Yue Fei married the daughter of Magistrate Li the year he was sixteen-years-old (1119).^[6]

[edit] Military Record

According to War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795, "Yue’s career followed the trajectory of Song military fortunes in the first half of the twelfth century. A northern Chinese from a humble background, he participated in the Song’s attempt to capture the Sixteen Prefectures in 1122 and defended Kaifeng after the Jurchen withdrew in 1127. Yue moved south with the other loyalist forces in 1129, and took an active part in during the Jurchen advance back across the Yangzi that year. He continued to advance in rank, and to increase the size of his army as he repeatedly led successful offensives into north China and put down bandits with Song territory. Several other generals were also successful against the Jurchen, and their combined efforts secured the survival of the dynasty. Yue, like most of them, was committed to recapturing north Chin. He saw the strengthening Song army not as a chance to achieve peace with what remained of Song territory but as a chance to defeat the Jurchen outright and recover what was lost.

Gaozong was as concerned to control the military as to strengthen it, however, and Yue and his radically irredentist colleagues threatened the emperor’s peace plans. Although the emperor had personally written letters to Yue Fei thanking him for his efforts and telling him how important he was, Gaozong installed Qin [Hui] as his chief councilor to make peace with the Jurchen and rein-in the [other loyal] generals. The more politically astute generals saw the signs and did not protest their reassignments to central government jobs. Yue tried to resign instead, and his intransigence made it clear that he could not coexist with a peace settlement."^[26]

Combat Techniques of Taiji, Xingyi, and Bagua: Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts reads, "When Yue was young, Jin Dynasty warriors from the north of China invaded central China’s Song Dynasty. Yue joined the Song army to fight against the Jin invaders. Because of his great skill in spear, arrow, and in military strategy and tactics, he rose though the ranks quickly to become a general. Always outnumbered, his forces fought about hundred and twenty battles and never lost. His enemies said of him, 'It is easier to shake a mountain than to shake Yue’s army'. [(Chinese: 撼山易, 撼岳家軍難)]"^[27]

Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda 1126-1193 states, "...Yue Fei 岳飛 ([1103]-1141)...repelled the enemy assaults in 1133 and 1134, until in 1135 the now confident Song army was in a position to recover all of north China from the Jin … [In 1140,] Yue Fei initiated a general counterattack against the Jin, defeating one enemy after another until he bivouacked within range of the Northern Song dynasty’s old capital city , Kaifeng, in preparation for the final assault against the enemy. Yet in the same year Qin [Hui] ordered Yue fei to abandon his campaign, and in 1141 Yue Fei was summoned back to the Southern Song Dynasty capital, where he was murdered at Qin [Hui]’s instigation."^[28]

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary comments, "To some one who asked him when peace would prevail in the empire, he replied, 'When civil officials are no longer greedy of money, and military officers no longer fear death.' His soldiers were so well disciplined that even if taken by surprise there was never the slightest panic. Hence the saying: ' 'Tis easy to move a mountain, but difficult to move the soldiers of Yue Fei."^[9]

[edit] Death

In 1126, several years before Yue Fei became a general, the militant Jurchen of the Jin dynasty invaded the north of the country forcing the Song out of their capital Kaifeng and capturing the emperor of the time Emperor Qinzong who was sent into captivity in Manchuria. This marked the end of the Northern Song, and the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty under Emperor Gaozong.

Yue Fei fought a long campaign against the invading Jurchen in an effort to retake the north of the country. Just when he was threatening to attack and retake Kaifeng, corrupt officials advised Emperor Gaozong to recall Yue Fei to the capital and sue for peace with the Jurchen. Fearing that a defeat at Kaifeng might cause the Jurchen to release Qinzong, threatening his claim to the throne, the emperor followed their advice. Yue Fei was ordered to return twelve times in the form of twelve gold plaques. Knowing that a success at Kaifeng could lead to internal strife Yue Fei submitted to the orders of his emperor and returned to the capital where he was imprisoned and where the traitor Qin Hui (1090 - 1155) (Simplified Chinese: 秦桧; Traditional Chinese: 秦檜; pinyin: Qín Huì) would eventually arrange for him to be executed on false charges.^[6]

There are conflicting views on how Yue Fei died. According to The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations) and other sources, Yue Fei died in prison.^[29][8] The Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E says he was killed in prison.^[5] The Story of Yue Fei states he was strangled to death. It reads, “...[Yue Fei] strode in long steps to the Pavilion of Winds and Waves ... The Warders on both sides picked up the ropes and strangled the three men [Yue Fei, Yue Yun, and Zhang Xian (Chinese: 張憲), Yue's subordinate] without further ado ... At the time Lord Yue was thirty-nine years of age and the young lord Yue Yun twenty-three. When the three men returned to Heaven, suddenly a fierce wind wrose up wildly and all the fires and lights were extinquished. Black mists filled the sky and sand and pebbles were blown about."^[6]

The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai comments, "Finally, [Ngok Fei] received the 'Twelfth Golden Edict' [from the emperor calling him back to the capital], which if ignored meant banishment. Patriotism demanded that he obey. On his way back to the capital he stopped to rest at a pavilion. Chun Kui anticipated Ngok Fei’s route and sent some men to lie in wait. When Ngok Fei arrived, Chun Kui’s men ambushed and murdered him. Just thirty-nine years old, Ngok Fei like many good men in history, had a swift, brilliant career, then died brutally while still young."^[30]

A Chinese Biographical Dictionary states, "[Father and son] had not been two months in confinement when Ch’in Kuei resolved to rid himself of his enemy. He wrote out with his own hand an order for the execution of Yo Fei, which was forthwith carried into effect; whereupon he immediate reported that Yo Fei had died in prison."^[9] Meaning he had Yue and his son executed but reported they both died while in captivity.

Other sources say he was poisoned to death.^[26][31][32] Still, a great deal simply say he was executed, murdered, or “treacherously assassinated”.^[33][34][35]

[edit] Kneeling Iron Statues

The Story of Yue Fei states after having Yue Fei, Yue Yun, Zhang Xian arrested under false charges, Qin and his wife, Lady Wang (Chinese: 王氏), were sitting by the "eastern window", warming themselves by the fire, when he received a letter from the people calling for the release of the General. Qin was worried because after nearly two months of torture, he could not get Yue Fei to admit to false treason and would eventually have to let him go. However, after a servant girl brought fresh oranges into the room, Lady Wang devised a plan to execute the general. She told Qin to slip an execution notice inside the skin of an orange and send it to the examining judge. This way, the General and his companions would be put to death before the Emperor or Qin himself would have to rescind an open order of execution.^[6] This conspiracy became known as the “East-Window Plot”.^[36] An anonymous novel was written about this called the Dong Chuang Ji ("Tale of the Eastern Window") during the Ming Dynasty.^[37]

When asked by General Han Shizhong what crime Yue had committed, Qin Hui replied, "Though it isn't sure whether there is something that he did to betray the dynasty, maybe there is.” The phrase "perhaps there is" or "could be true" (Traditional Chinese: 莫須有; Simplified Chinese: 莫须有; pinyin: mò xū yǒu) has entered the Chinese language as an expression to refer to fabricated charges.^[38] For their part in Yue Fei's death, iron statues of Qin Hui, Lady Wang, and two of Qin Hui's subordinates, Moqi Xie (Chinese: 万俟軼) and Zhang Jun (Chinese: 張俊), were made to kneel before Yue Fei's tomb (located by Hangzhou's West Lake). For centuries, these statues have been cursed, spat and urinated upon by young and old. But now, in modern times, these statues are protected as historical relics.^[39] There is a poem hanging on the gate surrounding the statues. It reads:

"The green hill is fortunate to be the burial ground of a loyal general, the white iron was innocent to be cast into the statues of traitors."^[40]

One source states, "In 1162 the Emperor Hsiao Tsung restored his honours, and gave proper burial to his remains. A [tomb] was put up in his memory, and he was designated 忠武 the Loyal Hero. In 1179 he was canonized as 武穆 [Wu Mu]."^[9]

According to the novel Xi You Bu, a satire of the Journey to the West, written in 1641 by the scholar Dong Ruoyu (also known as Dong Yue, 1620-1686), the Monkey King enthusiastically serves in hell as the trial prosecutor of Qin Hui. At one point, Monkey asks the spirit of Yue Fei if he would like to drink some of Qin’s blood.^[37]

[edit] Talents

[edit] Martial Arts

See also: Military and civilian combat arts of Zhou Tong

The two styles most associated with Yue are Eagle Claw and Xingyi boxing. One book states Yue created Eagle Claw for his enlisted soldiers and Xingyi for his officers.^[41] Legend has it that Yue Fei studied in the Shaolin temple with a monk named Zhou Tong and learned the "Elephant" style of boxing, a set of hand techniques with great emphasis on Qinna joint-locking.^[42][43][44] Other tales say he learned this style elsewhere outside the temple under the same master.^[8] Yue Fei eventually expanded Elephant style to create the Yibai Lingba Qinna (Chinese: 一百零八擒拿 - “108 Locking Hand Techniques”) of the Ying Sao (Eagle Hands) or Ying Kuen (Eagle Fist).^[30] After becoming a general in the imperial army, Yue taught this style to his men and they were very successful in battle against the armies of the Jin Empire.^[8] Following his wrongful execution and the disbandment of his armies, Yue's men supposedly traveled all over China spreading the style, which eventually ended right back in Shaolin where it began. Later, a monk named Lai Chin (Chinese: 麗泉) combined this style with Fanziquan, another style attributed to the General, to create the modern day form of Northern Ying Jow Pai boxing.^[45][30]

According to legend, Yue combined his knowledge of Internal martial arts and spearplay learned from Zhou Tong (in Shaolin) to create the linear fist attacks of Xingyi boxing.^[8][46] One book claims he studied and synthesized Buddhism's Tendon Changing and Muscle Washing qigong systems to create Xingyi.^[47] On the contrary, proponents of Wudang Boxing believe it’s possible that Yue learned the style in the Wudang Mountains that border his home province of Henan. The reasons they cite for this conclusion are that he supposedly lived around the same time and place as Zhang Sanfeng, the founder of Taichi; Xingyi’s five fist attacks, which are based on the five chinese elements theory, are similar to Taichi’s “Yin-yang theory”; and both theories are Taoist-based and not Buddhist.^[48] The book Henan Orthodox Xingyi Quan, written by Pei Xirong (Chinese: 裴锡荣) and Li Ying’ang (Chinese: 李英昂), states Xingyi Master Dai Longbang "于乾隆十五年为“六合拳”作序云：“岳飞当童子时，受业于周侗师，精通枪法，以枪为拳，立法以教将佐，名曰意拳，神妙莫测，盖从古未有之技也。"^[49][50]

"...wrote the ‘Preface to Six Harmonies Boxing’ in the 15th reign year of the Qianlong Emperor [1750]. Inside it says, '...when [Yue Fei] was a child, he received special instructions from Zhou Tong. He became extremely skilled in the spear method. He used the spear to create methods for the fist. He established a method called Yi Quan [意拳]. Mysterious and unfathomable, followers of old did not have these skills. Throughout the Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties few had his art. Only Ji Gong had it."

The Ji Gong mentioned above, better known as Ji Jike (Chinese: 姬際可) or Ji Long Feng (Chinese: 姬隆丰), is said to have trained in the Shaolin temple for ten years as a young man and was matchless with the spear.^[46] As the story goes, He later traveled to Xongju Cave on Zhongnen Mountain to receive a boxing manual written by Yue Fei, from which he learned Xingyi. However, some believe Ji actually created the style himself and attributed it to Yue Fei because he was fighting the Manchus, ancestors of the Jurchens who the general had struggled against.^[51] Ji supposedly created it after watching a battle between an eagle and a bear during the Ming Dynasty.^[52][27] Other sources say he created it while training in the Shaolin temple. He was reading a book and looked up to see two roosters fighting, which inspired him to imitate the fighting styles of animals.^[46][53][54] Both versions of the story (eagel/bear and roosters) state he continued to study the actions of animals and eventually increased the cadre of animal forms.^[46][27]

Several other martial arts have been attributed to Yue Fei, including Yuejiaquan (Yue Family Boxing), Fanziquan (Tumbling Boxing), and Chuojiao quan (Feet-Poking Boxing), among others.^[55][56][57] The “Fanzi Boxing Ballad” says: “Wu Mu has passed down the Fanzi Quan which has mystery in its straightforward movements.” Wu Mu (Chinese: 武穆) was a Posthumous name given to Yue after his death.^[9] One Chuojiao legend states Zhou Tong learned the style from its creator, a wandering Taoist named Deng Liang (Chinese: 邓良), and later passed it onto Yue Fei, who is considered to be the progenitor of the style.^[58][59]

Besides the martial arts, Yue is also said to have studied Traditional Chinese medicine. He understood the essence of Hua Tuo’s Wu Qin Xi (Chinese: 五禽戲 – “Five Animal Folics”) and created his own form of “medical qigong’’ known as the Ba Duan Jin (Chinese: 八段錦 – “Eight Pieces of Brocade”). It is considered a form of Wai Dan (Chinese: 外丹 – “External Elixir”) medical qigong.^[60] He taught this qigong to his soldiers to help keep their bodies strong and well-prepared for battle.^[61][62] One legend states Zhou Tong took young Yue to meet a Buddhist Hermit who taught him Emei Dapeng Qigong (Chinese: 峨嵋大鵬氣功). His training in Dapeng Qingong was the source of his great strength and martial arts abilities. Modern pracitioners of this style say it was passed down by Yue.^[13]

[edit] Connection to Praying Mantis boxing

According to The Story of Yue Fei, the Water Margin bandits Lin Chong and Lu Junyi were former students of Yue’s teacher Zhou Tong.^[63] One martial legend states Zhou learned Chuojiao boxing from its originator Deng Liang (Chinese: 邓良) and then passed it onto Yue Fei, who is sometimes considered the progenitor of the style.^[55] Chuojiao is also known as the "Water Margin Outlaw style" and Yuānyāng Tuǐ (Chinese: 鴛鴦腿 - "Mandarin Duck Leg").^[64] In the Water Margin's twenty-ninth chapter, entitled "Wu Song, Drunk, Beats Jiang the Gate Guard Giant", it mentions Wu Song, another of Zhou's fictional students, using the "Jade Circle-Steps with Duck and Drake feet".^[65] A famous folklore Praying Mantis manuscript, which describes the fictional gathering of eighteen martial arts masters in Shaolin, lists Lin Chong (#13) as a master of “Mandarin ducks kicking technique”.^[55] This creates a folklore connection between Yue and Mantis boxing.

[edit] Poetry

At the age of 30, Yue Fei wrote his most famous poem, Manjiang Hong (Simplified Chinese: 满江红; Traditional Chinese: 滿江紅; pinyin: mānjiānghóng), or Entirely Red River). This poem reflects the raw hatred he felt towards the Jin empire, as well as the sorrow he felt when his efforts to recoup northern lands lost to the Jin were halted by Southern Song officials of the "Peace Faction".

[edit] Modern Day

Yue has a Cheng Kung-class guided-missile frigate of the Republic of China Navy named after him. It is called ROCS Yueh Fei (FFG-1106).

[edit] Film

• Yuè Fēi (岳飛) (1940).^[66]

• Jìn Zhōng Bào Guó (Chinese: 尽忠报国 - "Serve the Country Loyally") (1940).^[67] The name of this movie comes from the famous tattoo on Yue Fei's back.

• Yuè Fēi Chū Shì (Chinese: 岳飛出世 - "The Birth of Yue Fei") (1962). A 10 year old Sammo Hung played young Yue Fei.^[68] This film was largely based on The Story of Yue Fei.

Shortly after filming New Police Story in 2004, Jackie Chan reported that he would produce and play Yue Fei in a bioepic about the general’s life. Jaycee Chan, Jackie’s son, will share the role as young Yue Fei. Jackie said, “There's already a rough draft right now, we've even found a co-star. In fact, filming of ‘Genghis Khan’ is also under consideration, but it must be a good script, because a lot of people have filmed this story, and the story itself is complicated and randomized, so up to now, there isn't a concrete plan yet. And [the script for] ‘Yue Fei’ is nearly completed." He continues, “I think Yue Fei is a man with great sense of loyalty, so am I. I've been loyal to Golden Harvest, to friends and to my country!" Filming will not begin until Jackie finishes filming several other projects (including Rush Hour 3), but he is willing to work for reduced pay so he can work with his son. This is because he believes the box office results will be good. However, Director Tang Jili (Chinese: 唐季礼) says the role of Yue Fei could possibly go to Andy Lau.^{[69][70][71][72][73][74]}

[edit] Stage

New Tang Dynasty TV (NTDTV) has produced a Chinese opera-style reenactment of The Story of Yue Fei called "The Loyalty of Yue Fei" as part of the now world-famous “Chinese New Year Spectacular”. The play begins with Yue Fei and his martial-brothers practicing kung fu. But when the army of Jin General Wushu invades china, Yue is torn between duty to his country and duty to his mother. The production plays heavy on the strong relationship between mother and son. According to actor Wang Xuejun, who portrays the title character of Yue Fei, “Some people said that when they first saw Yue's mother come out [to give Yue his famous tattoo], and the smoke rising they were moved to tears." He continues, "Yue Fei excels both as a scholar and a martial artist—wise as well as courageous. I use that as the inner temperament for my character to embody."^[75][76] The Spectacular is scheduled for a twenty-eight city world tour across the United States, Canada, Austraila, Germany, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and France in 2007.^[77]

[edit] Boardgames

A Yue Fei card set was sold as part of five famous Chinese warriors—Guan Yu, Hua Mulan, Jie the Tyrant, Sun Tzu, and Yue Fei—in the “Chinese” section of the second set of world cultures produced by the Anachronism boardgame in June of 2005.^[78] In July of 2005, the card pack was used for a promotional offer where a person would receive it or a Robin Hood card pack if they sent in the UPC labels off of three warrior packs (from any culture) or one warrior and one starter set. In April 2006, the player could send in the UPC’s of four warrior packs or two warrior packs and one starter to choose between promotional cards from sets two and three, which consisted of Yue Fei, Robin Hood, Siegfried or Black Hawk. However, with the release of the sixth set in August of 2006, the Yue Fei and Robin Hood packs were no longer available.^[79]

Out of the five chinese elements used to describe warrior attributes, Yue is listed under water, which represents intelligence. He has eight life points, one speed point, three experience points, and one damage point. The main self-titled Yue Fei card is the forty-sixth card out the one hundred produced for set two.^[80] The other four cards that make up the entire pack (#46-50/100) show various events from his life and military career. Card forty-seven, entitled “Jin Cheng Bao Guo”, depicts his mother giving him his famous tattoo on his back. Card Forty-eight, entitled “Dao”, shows Yue blocking a Jurchen soldiers spear attack with a Chinese broadsword. Card forty-nine, entitled “Hu Xiong Jia”, depicts Yue using his armor’s breastplate to deflect the spear attack of a Jurchen soldier, while simultaneously snapping the weapon’s pole arm with a palm strike. Card fifty, entitled “Ba Duan Jin”, depicts Yue teaching his soldiers the “Eight-Section Brocade” qigong exercise that is often attributed to the general.^[81]

[edit] Storytelling

The Story of Yue Fei is a favorite among Pingshu (Chinese: 评书) or Pinghua (Chinese: 评话) storytellers, which is a modern-day form of Shuoshu (“talk-story”) storytelling that became popular in the Tang and Song Dynasties.^[82] One of the most famous of these artists is Liu Lanfang (1944-present), a noted singer and actress. She first made a name for herself in 1972 when she sang the full-length script of The Story of Yue Fei. In September 1981, the Chunfeng Literature Publishing House published the 100-chapter pingshu script of Yue Fei’s tale.^[82][83][84]

Yue Fei Studies the Archery - According to You Er Hua Bao (Chinese: 幼儿画报 – “Children’s Pictorial”) Magazine, a Chinese magazine tailored for children ages two through seven, young Yue Fei purchased a bow, a sword, and a spear to practice martial arts on his own since he did not have a teacher to train him properly. One day when he was chopping fire wood, he passed by a village with a martial training hall ran by a famous master. Yue Fei immediately asked the master to become his student, not even knowing that this person was none other than Zhou Tong. Zhou told the boy “Your skill in wushu is inadequate, so you must first train the eyes.”

As a part of his training, Yue Fei began to stare directly into the morning sunrise. At first the training was hard because the bright sun hurt his eyes, but he continued to practice the skill of the “far-sighted person” for many years. One day, Zhou came to Yue Fei and pointed to an object high up in the sky. When he focused his trained vision, Yue saw that it was a lone goose. Zhou then directed Yue to scan some trees that were one hundred paces away. Yue again focused his vision and caught sight of two black cicadas on a tree. Zhou then laughed in approval and said “Now that your eyesight is practiced, I not only receive you as my student, but as my adopted son. I will now teach you wushu.”

Yue Fei practiced diligently and became a master of the eighteen weapons of war. He could draw a three-hundred catty bow and, with a “whiz” of the arrow, shoot a leaf from one-hundred paces away. The moral of the story is that achievements are only made through diligent practice.^[85][86]

The General & The Water Tank - When Yue Fei was born, a red auspicious vapor shown so bright around the Yue Family home that neighbors brought buckets of water to put out some preceived fire. However, they found out that Lady Yao had given birth to a son. With all the people crowded around their house, a magical Peng landed on the roof and spread its wings over the length of the entire residence. The bird then flew high into the sky and disappeared. The sight of the Chinese Roc is why Yue’s father named him Fei (Chinese: 飞 - "fly").

Days after his birth, a monk warned Yue’s father to put his wife and newborn child inside of a water tank if baby Yue were to cry. Three days later, the baby began to cry, so Yue’s father followed the monk’s instructions. Then the Yellow River flooded and mother and child were swept to safety, whereas Yue’s father drowned in the torrent. In his previous life, Yue had indeed been a Peng himself. He had blinded the eye of a mischievous dragon living within the Yellow River. So when the dragon heard his newly reborn enemy cry, he flooded the river to kill Yue and get his revenge, but failed.

Lady Yao raised Yue on money that she saved up from doing needle point for the family who had saved them from the river and taken them into their home. When Yue was thirteen, he entered a cave and found a monstrous-size snake sleeping by a stream. He picked up a rock and threw it at the beast. The snake lunged at him in anger, but Yue Fei dodged to one side and pulled on its tail with his supernatural strength. The snake instantly disappeared in a puff of smoke, leaving only a marvelous golden spear named the "Magic Spear of the Flowing Spring." He later found a military teacher who taught him how to wield the spear efficiently.

Yue eventually joined the army and became one of the most beloved heroes and martyrs in Chinese history. This story is a derivative of an episode from his fictional biography The Story of Yue Fei. ^[87]

Qin Hui: The Stinker - During the Ming Dynasty, the new Provincial Govenor-General of Hangzhou, who was a direct descendant of Qin Hui and Madam Wang, had both iron statues thrown into the West Lake under cover of night. The next day, the lake turned pitch-black and smelt of vomit. The townsfolk realized that the lake’s condition coincided with the statues' disappearance. When Official Qin arrived on the scene, the people questioned him about his relationship with Qin Hui. Because he knew the statues had sunk to the bottom of the lake, he boasted "If anyone can really scoop the statues out of the lake, this official is waiting to resign and ask for punishment." At that exact moment, the murky water became clear and the statues drifted ashore as if propelled by an invisible force. The cowardly official bolted for his sedan when he saw this miraculous sight. The townsfolk pelted his sedan with rocks as he fled, many of them ripping through the curtain, giving him huge lumps on his head. That night, Official Qin escaped Hangzhou, never to be heard from again. Listen to this Story

The mad monk sweeps Qin out of the temple – During the Southern Song Dynasty there were two famous Buddhists named the “Crazy monk” Ji Gong and the “Mad Monk” Fengbo. Monk Fengbo lived during the time of Yue Fei and became famous for “Sweeping Qin Hui’s face with a broom”. The story is told after having Yue Fei imprisoned on false charges, Qin Hui went to the Lingyin Temple to have his fortune read. There he was confronted by a laughing Feng Bo who asked, "Cao Cao was once a big hero, but where is he today?" The Prime Minster asked him what he meant in confusion. Fengbo said, "The principles of heaven are clear. Loyalty and treachery are self-evident. Goodness and evil will be met by reward or retribution. You, as the Prime Minister, hold a lot of power. Why do you want to murder a man who is as important to the country as a pillar to a house? Does the safety of the nation mean nothing to you?" Qin countered "Who is that pillar of the country?" “GENERAL YUE FEI!” screamed Feng Bo. When Qin seemed unaffected by his words, Fengbo laughed and said, "What a fool! Repent now before it is too late." He then grabbed a broom and raked it across the Prime Minister’s face and quickly ran off. Feeling embarrassed, Qin returned to the palace a defeated man.

The boldness of the monk caught the attention of the common folk. It is said he would appear in crowded areas and begin to sweep the floor, even in the cleanest of places, and proclaim “sweeping Qin” as a reminder to the people that they should band together to eliminate the traitor Qin from office. The “Mad Monk” was later raised to the level of Arhat.

The statues of the “Mad and Crazy Monks” were often seen together in various temples throughout the Southern Song Dynasty. There are two such statues of these arhats in the Da Xiong Temple Hall of Zhan Tan Forest on the Jiu Hua Mountain. One of them is the “Crazy Monk” Ji Gong in the form of a deity and the other is the “Mad MonK” Fengbo holding a duster in one hand and a broom under his left armpit, standing ever ready to give the wicked Prime Minister another sweep.^[88]

This is a derivative of an episode from The Story of Yue Fei, which mentions no “sweeping” at all. The fortuneteller's name was “Xie Renfu of Chengdu” and he told the fortunes of both Emperor Gaozong and Qin Hui, who were in disguise, in the Dragon's Intonation Monastery. When Qin returned to the palace he sent men to arrest the fortuneteller, but he had fled the city out of fear once he discovered who they really were.^[6]

[edit] References

1. ^ China to Commemorate Ancient Patriot Yue Fei
2. ^ Newly Recovered Anecdotes from Hong Mai's (1123-1202) Yijian zhi
3. ^ Song Dynasty Renaissance 960-1279
4. ^ Arthur Waldron, “China's New Remembering of World War II: The Case of Zhang Zizhong.” Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 30, No. 4, Special Issue: War in Modern China (Oct., 1996), pp. 945-978
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} History of Song - Biography of Yue Fei (Chinese: 宋史•岳飞传) (ISBN ?) (See also, 岳飞子云 (Chinese only))
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Qian, Cai. General Yue Fei. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. (1995) ISBN 978-962-04-1279-0
7. ^ ^{a b c} Henning, Stanley E., M.A. Chinese General Yue Fei: Martial Arts Facts, Tales and Mysteries. Journal of Asian Martial Arts. Vol. 15 #4, 2006: 30-35
8. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Lian, Shou Yu and Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming. Xingyiquan: Theory, Applications, Fighting Tactics and Spirit. Boston: YMAA Publication Center, 2002. (ISBN 978-0-940871-41-0)
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Giles, Herbert Allen. A Chinese biographical dictionary = Gu jin xing shi zu pu. Kelly & Walsh, 1939 (ISBN ?) (See here also)
10. ^ ^{a b c} Jin, Yunting.The Xingyi Boxing Manual: Hebei Style's Five Principles and Seven Words. Trans. John Groschwitz. North Atlantic Books; New edition, 2004 (ISBN 1-5564-3473-1)
11. ^ Song Ci. The Washing Away of Wrongs. Trans. Brian E. McKnight. Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan, 1981 (ISBN 0-89264-800-7)
12. ^ Waters, T. Essays on the Chinese Language. Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press, 1889 (ISBN ?)
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Liang, Shou-Yu, Wen-Ching Wu, and Denise Breiter-Wu. Qigong Empowerment: A Guide to Medical, Taoist, Buddhist, Wushu Energy Cultivation. The Way of the Dragon, Limited, 1996 (ISBN 1-8896-5902-9)
14. ^ "生有神力，未冠，挽弓三百斤，弩八石。學射与周侗，盡其術，能左右射。"
15. ^ ^{a b} È wáng shì (Chinese: 鄂王事 - "Hubei Prince Matter"), by Sun Qiu (Chinese: 孙遒 (ISBN ?)
16. ^ "岳飞及冠时,外祖父姚大翁聘请当时的枪手陈广教授岳飞枪法。"
17. ^ 及冠 jíguàn This leads to an English-Chinese dictionary. Type the characters 及冠 in for a definition.
18. ^ A Study of the Gender and Religious Implications of Nü Guan (See page 18)
19. ^ Ancient Martial Arts Manuals Appear in Nanjing
20. ^ Wu Tang Golden Bell (Chinese only)
21. ^ Wu Tang pail builds up the Dan Tian (Chinese only)
22. ^ Wu Dang TAI HE Style Boxing Zhou Tong's name has been “Americanized”, meaning the surname goes last and the given names goes first (Example: Zhou Tong = Tong Zhou)
23. ^ Portrait Painting in Five Dynasties and Song Dynasty
24. ^ Zhang Jun, Han Shizhong, and Liu Guangshi were three of the four generals who stopped the state officials Miao Fu (Chinese: 苗傅) and Liu Zhengyan (Chinese: 劉正彥) from usurping the throne from Song Emperor Gaozong. (See here also)
25. ^ Yue Fei's facelift sparks debate
26. ^ ^{a b} Lorge, Peter. War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900-1795. Routledge; 1 edition, 2005 (ISBN 0-4153-1691X-)
27. ^ ^{a b c} Lu, Shengli. Combat Techniques of Taiji, Xingyi, and Bagua: Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts. Trans. Zhang Yun. Blue Snake Books/Frog, Ltd., 2006 (ISBN 1-5839-4145-2)
28. ^ Fan, Chengda. Stone Lake: The Poetry of Fan Chengda 1126-1193. Trans. J. D. Schmidt and Patrick Hannan. Ed. Denis Twitchett. Cambridge University Press, 1992 (ISBN 0-5214-1782-1)
29. ^ Wright, David Curtis. The History of China: (The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations). Greenwood Press, 2001 (ISBN 0-3133-0940-X)
30. ^ ^{a b c} Leung, Shum and Jeanne Chin. The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai. Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition, 2001 (ISBN 0-8048-3215-3)
31. ^ Things to do in Hangzhou
32. ^ The Tomb and Temple of Yue Fei
33. ^ Markam, Ian S. and Tinu Ruparell. Encountering Religion: An Introduction to the Religions of the World. Blackwell Publishing Professional, 200 (ISBN 0-6312-0674-4)
34. ^ Olson, James S. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China. Greenwood Press, 1998 (ISBN 0-3132-8853-4)
35. ^ Guy, Nancy. Peking Opera and Politics in Taiwan. University of Illinois Press, 2005 (ISBN 0-2520-2973-9)
36. ^ Tang, Xianzu. The Peony Pavilion: Mudan ting, Second Edition. Trans. Cyril Birch. Indiana University Press; 2nd edition, 2002 (ISBN 0-2532-1527-7)
37. ^ ^{a b} Trapped behind Walls: Ming Writing on the Wall
38. ^ Li, Y. H. & Lu, D. S., eds (1982), Chinese Idiom Dictionary. Sichuan Publishing, Chengdou.
39. ^ Archaeologists to Excavation of Possible Tomb of Qin Hui
40. ^ Yue Fei's Tomb
41. ^ Frantzis, Bruce Kumar. The Power of Internal Martial Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I. North Atlantic Books, 1998 (ISBN 1-5564-3253-4)
42. ^ Leung, Shum and Jeanne Chin. The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai. Tuttle Publishing; 1st edition, 2001 (ISBN 0-8048-3215-3)
43. ^ Eagle Claw Fan Tsi Moon & Lau Fat Mang's History - Part I
44. ^ Ying Jow Pai History
45. ^ Leung, Shum. Eagle claw kung-fu: Classical northern chinese fist. Brendan Lai's Supply Co; 2nd ed edition, 1981 (ISBN B000718VX0)
46. ^ ^{a b c d} Lin, Jianhua. Form and Will Boxing: One of the Big Three Internal Chinese Body Boxing Styles. Oxford University Press, 1994 (ISBN 0-8704-0942-5)
47. ^ Sun, Lutang. A Study of Taijiquan. North Atlantic Books, 2003 (ISBN 1-5564-3462-6)
48. ^ James, Andy. The Spiritual Legacy of Shaolin Temple: Buddhism, Daoism, and the Energetic Arts. Wisdom Publications, 2005 (ISBN 0-8617-1352-4)
49. ^ Pei, Xirong and Li, Yang’an. Henan Orthodox Xingyi Quan. Trans. Joseph Candrall. Pinole: Smiling Tiger Press, 1994. See also, Xing Yi Quan (Mind-Form Boxing) Books Scroll down, 5th book from the top.
50. ^ Heart Chinese boxing emphasizing flexibility and confusing the opponent (Chinese only)
51. ^ Lu, Shengli. Combat Techniques of Taiji, Xingyi, and Bagua: Principles and Practices of Internal Martial Arts. Trans. Zhang Yun. Blue Snake Books/Frog, Ltd., 2006 (ISBN 1-5839-4145-2)
52. ^ Wong, Kiew Kit. Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense Health and Enlightenment. Tuttle Publishing, 2002 (ISBN 0-8048-3439-3)
53. ^ Ji Xing – Chicken Form
54. ^ Ji Long Feng
55. ^ ^{a b c} Chuo Jiao Fist
56. ^ Fanzi Quan (Tumbling Chuan)
57. ^ Yuejia Quan (Yue-family Chuan)
58. ^ See also, Chuo Jiao Fist
59. ^ HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF CHUOJIAO
60. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming. Qigong Massage, 2nd Edition: Fundamental Techniques for Health and Relaxation. YMAA Publication Center; 2nd edition, 2005 (ISBN 1-5943-9048-7)
61. ^ Bisio, Tom. A Tooth from the Tiger's Mouth: How to Treat Your Injuries with Powerful Healing Secrets of the Great Chinese Warrior. Fireside, 2004 (ISBN 0-7432-4551-2)
62. ^ Yang, Jwing-Ming. Qigong Meditation: Embryonic Breathing. YMAA Publication Center, 2003 (ISBN 1-8869-6973-6)
63. ^ Qian, Cai. General Yue Fei. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. (1995) ISBN 978-962-04-1279-0
64. ^ Chuojiao (thrusted-in feet)
65. ^ Shi, Nai’an and Luo Guanzhong. Outlaws of the Marsh. Trans. Sidney Shapiro. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1993 (ISBN 7-119-01662-8)
66. ^ Yuè Fēi (岳飛) @ the Chinese Movie Data Base (Chinese only)
67. ^ Jìn Zhōng Bào Guó (Chinese: 尽忠报国) @ the Chinese Movie Data Base (Chinese only)
68. ^ Yuè Fēi Chū Shì (Chinese: 岳飛出世) @ the Chinese Movie Data Base (Chinese only)
69. ^ Article about Jackie Chang’s future portrayal of Yue Fei (Chinese only)
70. ^ JACKIE CHAN WOULD BE WILLING TO WORK FOR A REDUCED SALARY TO WORK WITH HIS SON
71. ^ Jackie Chan And Son Will Portray Yue Fei, A 11th Century Chinese General (MonkeyPeaches Exclusive)
72. ^ Japanese internet page which talks about Jackie Chan’s plans to play Yue Fei (Japanese/Chinese mix)
73. ^ Jackie Chan Makes Preparation for Yue Fei
74. ^ Becomes outstanding the fathers and sons to ally "Yue Fei"? Tang Jili doubts the rumor (Chinese only
75. ^ Holiday Wonders' 'Loyal Dedication to Country' Touches Hearts
76. ^ Chinese New Year Show Brings Gems of China to the Stage
77. ^ 2007 Spectacular Schedule and Tickets
78. ^ Chinese Culture
79. ^ Anachronism News
80. ^ Anachronism by Type (See pg. 20 for Yue Fei)
81. ^ Cards of Set 2 (See pg. 10 for all Yue Fei warrior pack cards)
82. ^ ^{a b} Popular Tales and Storytelling
83. ^ The Story of Yue Fei
84. ^ Pingshu Artist: Liu Lanfang
85. ^ Yue Fei Studies the Archery (Chinese only)
86. ^ About “Children’s Pictorial” Magazine (Chinese only)
87. ^ The General & The Water Tank
88. ^ An Allusion from History: A Buddhist Monk Feng Bo Upholds Righteousness

[edit] External links

• (Chinese) "History of the Song" Chinese Wikipedia entry
• (Chinese) 470 volume version of the "History of the Song"
• (Chinese) "The Story of Yue Fei"
• (Chinese) "Yue Fei's Biography" from the History of the Song