Zimbabwean parliamentary election, 1980

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The Zimbabwe parliamentary election of February 1980 was held in order to elect a government which would govern Zimbabwe after it was granted independence, in accordance with the conclusions of the Lancaster House Agreement. The election was won by the Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) and its leader Robert Mugabe therefore became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.

Contents 1 Constitutional background 2 Implementation 3 Election campaigning 3.1 Common roll 3.2 White roll 4 Results 4.1 Party abbreviations 4.2 Common roll seats 4.3 White roll seats 5 Provincial common roll results 6 Candidates and elected members 6.1 Common roll candidate lists 6.1.1 Manicaland Province 6.1.2 Mashonaland Central Province 6.1.3 Mashonaland East Province 6.1.4 Mashonaland West Province 6.2 White roll constituency results 7 References

[edit] Constitutional background

Agreement at Lancaster House on the fundamentals of the constitution was relatively easy. The new House of Assembly was to comprise 100 members, of whom 80 would be elected on a common roll by every adult citizen. The intention was to move to election in single member constituencies but owing to the lack of an electoral roll and the timescale, the first election was to be conducted by provinces using closed lists put forward by the political parties. Voters had their fingers marked with an invisible ink that showed up under Ultraviolet light in order to detect attempts to vote twice. In order to qualify for seats in a province, a party needed to achieve a threshold of 10% of the vote, and then the seats among the eligible parties were divided proportionately.

The remaining 20 members of the House of Assembly were to be elected by the 'white roll' comprising those people (mostly white) who had previously qualified to vote. This election was conducted in 20 single member constituencies which had been drawn up by a Delimitation Commission in 1978 and were the same as those used in the 1979 'internal settlement' election. Voters who were registered on the white roll were ineligible to participate in the common roll election.

[edit] Implementation

Following the passage in Zimbabwe Rhodesia of the Constitution of Zimbabwe Rhodesia (Amendment) No. 4 Act 1979 on December 11, 1979, and the arrival of Lord Soames as Governor the next day, the fourteen year U.D.I. rebellion came to an end and the colony of Southern Rhodesia returned to legality under British law. The United Kingdom Parliament then passed the Zimbabwe Act to put in place the country's independence constitution. On December 21, 1979, the formal agreement to a ceasefire in the Rhodesian Bush War (or second Chimurenga) was signed; Lord Soames also signed proclamations lifting the ban on ZANU-PF and the Zimbabwe African People's Union and granting a general amnesty to all those who had taken up arms in the war. British Army forces then set up 16 assembly points throughout Southern Rhodesia where Patriotic Front guerillas could disarm and return to civilian life; 18,300 did so by the January 6 deadline. ^[1]

While the Rhodesian authorities were in charge of administration on the ground, the formal Returning Officer was Sir John Boynton (1918-2007) who had just retired as Chief Executive of Cheshire County Council.

[edit] Election campaigning

[edit] Common roll

Over Christmas 1979, many former Patriotic Front soldiers returned to their former homes to prepare for the election. ^{[2] [3]} Tragically for ZANU-PF, its military leader Josiah Tongogara was killed in a car crash in Mozambique. Tongogara was known to be a supporter of the two Patriotic Front parties, ZANU-PF and ZAPU, fighting the election with a joint list, and it was immediately speculated that his death was arranged by opponents of this policy. ^[4]

On January 13, Joshua Nkomo, leader of ZAPU, returned to Southern Rhodesia after three years' exile and addressed a rally of between 100,000 and 150,000 at Highfield township in Salisbury. ^[5] He was followed on January 27 by Robert Mugabe of ZANU-PF, who addressed 200,000 (the crowd would have been larger had organisers not turned some away for safety reasons). ^[6][7]

Abel Muzorewa, who had led the unity government of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, campaigned vigorously on behalf of his United African National Council which had won the most votes the previous year. However, attendance at his rallies was reported to be poor, and Muzorewa's habit of inveighing against other Zimbabwean politicians was thought to detract from his appeal as a man of unity. ^[8] James Chikerema, who had fallen out with Muzorewa in June 1979, entered the field with his Zimbabwe Democratic Party which grew increasingly close to ZAPU (he held unity talks with Nkomo) ^[9]; Chikerema complained about intimidation by supporters of ZANU-PF.

ZANU-PF presented a moderate manifesto that showed little of the party's professed alliance with communist China, although party speakers often threatened that the war might continue if the party did not win. The party complained bitterly to Lord Soames about official bias against it. The Registrar-General of Elections refused to put the party's intended logo on ballot papers because it contained an image of an AK47 rifle and he considered it detrimental to public order. ^[10] ZANU-PF posters were confiscated if they were considered inflammatory, and many party activists and some candidates were arrested. ^[11] Soames responded by accusing ZANU-PF of intimidating voters in 23 out of the 56 districts of the colony.

ZAPU caused something of a stir by deciding to fight the elections under the name "Patriotic Front". ^[10] They campaigned most heavily in the Ndebele areas, where the ZAPU army ZIPRA made particular strides in trying to integrate with the Southern Rhodesian forces.

[edit] White roll

Comparatively little interest was shown in the election for the 20 white roll seats, partly because those elected were unlikely to have much influence in the independent Zimbabwe, but mostly because all seats were expected to be won easily by the Rhodesian Front under Ian Smith. Fourteen out of the twenty seats were filled unopposed, and only two candidates in the other seats could put up a reasonable challenge to the Rhodesian Front candidate. One was Dr Timothy Stamps, a newcomer to politics, in the Kopje constituency covering the centre of Salisbury. Stamps advocated co-operation with the new black-led government. In addition, Nick McNally, who had led the liberal 'National Unifying Force' which opposed white dominance, fought in Mount Pleasant in the Salisbury suburbs.

Twelve out of the 20 Rhodesian Front candidates were reported to favour merging their party with Muzorewa's United African National Council to create a biracial party, following their experience in government together in Zimbabwe Rhodesia. ^[8] White opinion was generally supportive of Muzorewa's government for including competent Ministers, and hoped that Muzorewa would win enough common roll seats to deprive ZANU-PF of a majority.

[edit] Results

The final state of the parties was:

Party	Seats
ZANU - PF	57
Rhodesian Front	20
Patriotic Front	20
UANC	3

[edit] Party abbreviations

• Ind - Independent
• NDU - National Democratic Union (leader Henry Chihota)
• NFZ - National Front of Zimbabwe (leader Peter Mandaza)
• PF - Patriotic Front, ie Zimbabwe African People's Union (leader Joshua Nkomo)
• RF - Rhodesian Front (leader Ian Smith)
• UANC - United African National Council (leader Abel Muzorewa)
• UNFP - United National Federal Party (leader Chief Kayisa Ndiweni)
• UPAM - United People's Association of Matabeleland (leader Dr Francis Bertrand)
• ZANU - Zimbabwe African National Union (leader Ndabaningi Sithole)
• ZANU-PF - Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (leader Robert Mugabe)
• ZDP - Zimbabwe Democratic Party (leader James Chikerema)

[edit] Common roll seats

Party	Candidates	Elected	Popular vote
			Votes	%
ZANU-PF	80	57	1,668,992	63.0
PF	80	20	638,879	24.1
UANC	80	3	219,307	8.3
ZANU	80	-	53,343	2.0
ZDP	80	-	28,181	1.1
NFZ	80	-	18,794	0.7
NDU	80	-	15,056	0.6
UNFP	50	-	5,796	0.2
UPAM	16	-	1,181	0.0
Totals	626	80	2,649,529	100%

[edit] White roll seats

Party	Candidates	Elected	Unopposed	Popular vote
				Votes	%
Rhodesian Front	20	20	14	13,625	83.0
Independents	6	-	-	2,781	17.0
Totals	26	20	14	16,406	100%

[edit] Provincial common roll results

Province	NDU		NFZ		PF			UANC			ZANU		ZANU-PF			ZDP		Other parties
	Votes	%	Votes	%	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Votes (%)
Manicaland (11)	1,837	0.6	1,283	0.4	4,992	1.6	-	19,608	6.2	-	16,843	5.4	263,972	84.1	11	5,251	1.7	-
Mashonaland Central (6)	1,216	0.7	1,086	0.6	3,947	2.3	-	14,985	8.6	-	3,671	2.1	146,665	83.8	6	2,446	1.4	UNFP 914 (0.5%)
Mashonaland East (16)	2,359	0.4	1,668	0.3	28,805	4.6	-	75,237	11.9	2	9,499	1.5	508,813	80.5	14	4,466	0.7	UNFP 1,593 (0.3%)
Mashonaland West (8)	2,211	0.8	2,589	0.9	37,888	13.4	1	28,728	10.2	1	4,688	1.7	203,567	71.9	6	3,261	1.2	-
Matabeleland North (10)	1,840	0.5	4,517	1.1	313,435	79.0	9	30,274	7.6	-	3,218	0.8	39,819	10.0	1	1,333	0.3	UNFP 1,340 (0.3%), UPAM 729 (0.2%)
Matabeleland South (6)	927	0.5	2,494	1.4	148,745	86.4	6	5,615	3.3	-	694	0.4	11,787	6.8	-	775	0.5	UNFP 619 (0.4%), UPAM 452 (0.3%)
Midlands (12)	2,218	0.6	3,087	0.9	94,960	27.1	4	30,245	8.6	-	5,792	1.7	209,092	59.7	8	3,387	1.0	UNFP 1,330 (0.4%)
Victoria (11)	2,448	0.7	2,070	0.6	6,107	1.9	-	14,615	4.5	-	8,938	2.7	285,277	87.3	11	7,262	2.2	-

[edit] Candidates and elected members

[edit] Common roll candidate lists

[edit] Manicaland Province

NDU	NFZ	PF	UANC	ZANU	ZANU-PF	ZDP
1. M.T. Muchabaiwa	1. L. Mazaiwana	1. P. Chipudla	1. E.S. Mazaiwana	1. N. Sithole	1. K. Kangai	1. A.K. Chinhamora
2. L. Mazaiwana	2. J. Nxahe	2. G. Marange	2. D.C.Z. Mukome	2. N. Mukono	2. M. Nyagumbo	2. M.T. Marange
3. T. Shamu	3. E. Chapita	3. A. Chadzingwa	3. J.M. Chirimbani	3. D. Zamchiya	3. D. Mutasa	3. F.H.M. Hlatwayo
4. B. Mufunde	4. M. Sithole	4. P. Makoni	4. E.S.M. Nyandoro	4. A. Sawanha	4. W. Ndangana	4. J. Nyandoro
5. S. Makoni	5. M. Mutendeni	5. L. Dlakama	5. M.P. Chambara	5. L. Guramatumhu	5. F. Shava	5. D.S. Musanesa
6. P. Tsungo	6. C. Mushonga	6. T.C. Ngorima	6. L. Mtungwazi	6. M. Sithole	6. V. Chitepo	6. A.A. Manyati
7. N. Chiza	7. P. Makoni	7. W. Dlamini	7. J.Z. Ruredzo	7. D. Mungunyana	7. N.P. Nhiwatiwa	7. F.H.T. Govera
8. A. Makoni	8. L. Chimbwanda	8. S. Chatsama	8. B. Gwanzura	8. M. Gurira	8. M. Mahachi	8. D.M. Mlambo
9. E. Chasarasara	9. H. Bonga	9. M. Masiyakurima	9. J.R. Zvinoira	9. W. Nduku	9. T. Dube	9. J. Mkandi
10. M. Mundopah	10. D. Tsikai	10. O. Chibanda	10. L.C. Charidza	10. N. M'tambara	10. C. Makoni	10. A. Siwela
11. C. Matsvaira	11. L. Munyuki	11. S. Hhahla	11. F.K. Kadzombe	11. F. Mamvura	11. E. Sanyangare	11. M. Nyabadza

[edit] Mashonaland Central Province

NDU	NFZ	PF	UANC	UNFP	ZANU	ZANU-PF	ZDP
1. F. Maruta	1. M. Chikanda	1. J. Msika	1. A.B. Mutiti	1. C.N. Zhanje	1. E. Tsvaringe	1. E.Z. Tekere	1. E.M. Zhuwarara
2. J.C.M. Chereni	2. C. Murwira	2. P. Takundwa	2. J.B. Cohen	2. M. Mukono	2. B. Gambanga	2. T.R. Nhongo	2. N.Z. Mombemuriwo
3. W. Murewerwi	3. M. Wandakanda	3. T. Chimanikire	3. E.P.S. Ncube	3. J.C. Matonzi	3. B. Muchenje	3. S.T. Sekeramayi	3. C.G. Kusema
4. L. Tsangadzi	4. C. Maroodza	4. A. Masawi	4. E. Chidavaenzi	4. M. Gombe	4. F.C. Dotito	4. F.J. Masango	4. J.C. Negomo
5. T. Magwaro	5. E.R. Mazarura	5. J. Padzakashamba	5. C.C. Mabharanga	5. J. Eppie	5. T. Mufunga	5. G. Rutanhire	5. J. Tendere
6. P. Mavunga	6. S. Mabasa	6. S. Kakora	6. M.N. Chagadama	6. R. Ruwaridzo	6. S. Chimanikire	6. J. Kaparadza	6. J. Chigariro

[edit] Mashonaland East Province

NDU	NFZ	PF	UANC	UNFP	ZANU	ZANU-PF	ZDP
1. H.T. Chihota	1. C. Chitando	1. J. Chinamano	1. A.T. Muzorewa	1. B.C. Chanetsa	1. J. Mandaza	1. R.G. Mugabe	1. J.R.D. Chikerema
2. K.N.K. Muskwe	2. A. Mutungi	2. W.M. Musarurwa	2. S.C. Mundawarara	2. G.T. Chinyani	2. K.N. Malindi	2. M. Dube	2. E. Dumbutshena
3. D. Madamombe	3. M. Gwande	3. D. Madzimbamuto	3. D.T. Nyamuswa	3. J. Malindi	3. T. Chizengeni	3. R. Marere	3. P. Wakatama
4. L. Jero	4. F. Nhamo	4. S. Marembo	4. S.V. Mtambenengwe	4. J. Masawi	4. D. Mudzi	4. W. Mangwende	4. A.E. Chikandamina
5. G. Nyawiri	5. M. Moyo	5. E. Jirira	5. M.A. Mawema	5. D. Mugomeza	5. J. Kadziviti	5. M. Mvenge	5. D.T. Gomo
6. C. Mudzudzu	6. C. Mvura	6. K. Ndluni	6. A.G. Rumano	6. M. Musara	6. E. Nyandoro	6. E. Shirihuru	6. P. Makahamadze
7. E. Tafirenyika	7. M. Dube	7. S. Mutunyani	7. B.M. Mutasa	7. K. Bakasa	7. M.J. Mudzi	7. E. Pswarayi	7. C. Zvimba
8. A.T. Muskwe	8. C. Matenga	8. G. Musariri	8. F.D.H. Muzorewa	8. W. Badza	8. W. Marimo	8. G. Ziyenge	8. P. Kunaka
9. C. Mbirori	9. J. Moyo	9. R. Nyandoro	9. J.M. Gopo	9. O. Zhakata	9. W. Pasipanodya	9. P. Murambiwa	9. Z.M. Gamanya
10. A. Madamombe	10. T. Mutandi	10. J. Chirisa	10. G.M. Magaramombe	10. D. Tafira	10. P. Foya	10. J. Hunda	10. N. Samkange
11. S. Mupfuwi	11. S. Muchenje	11. D. Katsande	11. C.J.K. Nyahwata	11. P.C. Mutandwa	11. R. Rutsito	11. H. Nyazika	11. E. Matiza
12. M. Vera	12. E. Mukamba	12. S. Metha	12. A. Chikwanha	12. M.Z. Charumbira	12. C.C. Musambwa	12. G.G. Chidyausiku	12. N. Mukahadzi
13. C. Chiponda	13. P. Musarurwa	13. T.V. Mpofu	13. N.T. Mtandi	13. R. Kachindamoto	13. C. Manomano	13. A. Kabasa	13. C. Chimutsa
14. A. Nyandoro	14. J. Fambisayi	14. S. Bgoni	14. L. Kabaira	14. J. Mupandaguta	14. C. Matanganyidze	14. S. Rambanepasi	14. T. Takadiyi
15. I. Chivunga	15. S. Mhike	15. E. Patsike	15. D.M. Mbidzo	15. F. Nevanji	15. J. Chimwala	15. T. Munyati	15. W. Mabvakure
16. R. Muswaka	16. T. Jangire	16. Mrs. Mangwende	16. H.H. Mufanechiya	16. H. Nyagomo	16. E. Sithole	16. J. Jekanyika	16. D. Nyere

[edit] Mashonaland West Province

NDU	NFZ	PF	UANC	ZANU	ZANU-PF	ZDP
1. X. Mutenderi	1. F. Kavande	1. A.M. Chambati	1. T.G. Mukarati	1. P. Mhlanga	1. R.D. Manyika	1. S.J. Samkange
2. M. Mani	2. P. Makoni	2. K. Mano	2. Ken Chitate	2. N. Bangajena	2. J. Chivaura	2. M.B. Gumbo
3. L. Marufu	3. C. Pasipamire	3. L. Chiwanza	3. R.C.N. Madzima	3. E. Machingauta	3. N. Shamuyarira	3. S. Paraffin
4. F. Chikosha	4. V. Muketiwa	4. M. Nziramasanga	4. S.B. Kawonza	4. P. Mombeshora	4. A. Mudzingwa	4. T.E.T. Madamombe
5. P. Muzowoneyi	5. J. Ngondo	5. K. Bhebe	5. J.Z. Mudzengi	5. T. Dlamini	5. S. Mombeshora	5. M. Hoyi
6. B. Mashoko	6. A. Maririmba	6. C. Kadenhe	6. R.T. Sadomba	6. J. Madiro	6. E. Chikowore	6. D.B. Goromonzi
7. P. Mbizi	7. B. Munyuki	7. C. Mashayamombe	7. I.A. Adam	7. P. Munyuki	7. M. Chivende	7. P. Kutama
8. S. Nyakadzino	8. N. Kamwana	8. M. Musarurwa	8. T.T. Tsanangurai	8. S. Chinembiri	8. N. Bangure	8. G. Maseko

[edit] White roll constituency results

Polling day was February 14, 1980. A dagger (†) indicates a member of the Zimbabwe Rhodesia House of Assembly for that constituency. A double dagger (‡) indicates a white non-constituency member.

Constituency	Candidate	Party	Votes	%
AVONDALE	†John Alfred Landau	RF	unopposed
BORROWDALE	†David Colville Smith	RF	unopposed
BULAWAYO CENTRAL	†Patrick Francis Shields	RF	unopposed
BULAWAYO NORTH	†Wilfred Denis Walker	RF	unopposed
BULAWAYO SOUTH	†Wallace Evelyn Stuttaford	RF	3,715	92.0
	Dr Francis Robert Bertrand	Ind	289	7.2
	Jan (John) Francis Betch	Ind	36	0.9
CENTRAL	†Rowan Cronjé	RF	unopposed
EASTERN	†Desmond Butler	RF	unopposed
GATOOMA/HARTLEY	†Pieter Kenyon Fleming-Voltelyn van der Byl	RF	unopposed
HATFIELD	†Richard Cartwright	RF	unopposed
HIGHLANDS	Robert James Gaunt	RF	unopposed
KOPJE	†Dennis Divaris	RF	1,999	65.5
	Dr Timothy John Stamps	Ind	1,053	34.5
LUNDI	†Donald Galbraith Goddard	RF	unopposed
MAKONI	Norman Arthur Tapson	RF	1,396	76.4
	Petrus Christophel van der Merwe	Ind	431	23.6
MARLBOROUGH	†William Michie Irvine	RF	unopposed
MAZOE/MTOKO	‡André Sothern Holland	RF	unopposed
MIDLANDS	†Henry Swan Elsworth	RF	unopposed
MOUNT PLEASANT	†Jonas Christian Andersen	RF	2,683	79.4
	Nicholas John McNally	Ind	698	20.6
NORTHERN	†Esmond Meryl Micklem	RF	unopposed
SOUTHERN	†Ian Douglas Smith	RF	2,253	93.8
	Johannes Jacobus Hulley	Ind	113	4.7
	Donovan Peter Speedie	Ind	37	1.5
WESTERN	†Alexander Moseley	RF	1,579	92.7
	Lawrence Alastair Bronson	Ind	124	7.3

[edit] References

Zimbabwean presidential elections v • d • e
1990 | 1996 | 2002 | 2008
Rhodesian legislative elections	Zimbabwean parliamentary elections
1899 | 1902 | 1905 | 1908 | 1911 | 1914 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1933 | 1934 | 1939 | 1946 | 1948 | 1954 | 1958 | 1962 | 1965 | 1970 | 1974 | 1977 | 1979	1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2008
	Zimbabwean Senate elections
	2005
Rhodesian referendums	Zimbabwean referendum
1922 | 1934 | 1953 | 1961 | 1964 | 1969 | 1979	2000