Independent (politician)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In politics, an independent is a politician who is not affiliated with any political party. In countries with a two-party system, independents may hold a centrist viewpoint between the two parties, or may feel that neither of the two parties adequately represents their viewpoint.
Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but are not able to stand under its label. For instance, after being expelled from the Labour Party but before joining the Respect Coalition, British Member of Parliament (MP) George Galloway described himself as "Independent Labour".
A third category of independents are those who may belong to or support a political party but believe they should not formally represent it and thus be subject to its policies. This was common among members of most political parties for the purpose of British local government elections until the last quarter of the twentieth century.
Some independents have registered locality-based political parties. UK examples include Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern, Derwentside Independents and those local residents' or ratepayers associations that contest elections. They are usually considered independent as they have no alignment in national politics.
In countries where multi-seat, Single Transferable Vote constituencies exist, independents are more common. The Republic of Ireland has fifteen independents (9% of the total) in its Dáil, although a number of these align themselves to Fianna Fáil on many issues. One independent created Independent Fianna Fáil.
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[edit] Examples of independent politicians
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[edit] Canada
Independent politicians have held considerable sway in the Canadian House of Commons in recent years as Canada has been governed by successive minority governments with independent Members of Parliament (MPs) holding the balance of power.
In the 2004 federal election, Chuck Cadman was elected to federal parliament as an independent MP representing the British Columbia riding of Surrey North. Cadman had previously represented that riding on behalf of the Reform Party of Canada and Canadian Alliance, but after the Canadian Alliance merged with the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada to form the new Conservative Party of Canada in 2003, Cadman lost the nomination to represent the Conservative Party in that riding to Jasbir Singh Cheema. Cadman then stood in the subsequent election as an independent and defeated Cheema, as well as the candidates of other Canadian parties, by a significant margin.
In the spring of 2005, Cadman cast the tying vote in favor of a budget supported by the Liberal Party government of Paul Martin as well as the New Democratic Party (NDP), but opposed by the opposition Conservatives and Bloc Québécois. Two other independents also voted on that budget. Carolyn Parrish, independent MP for Mississauga—Erindale, had recently been kicked out of the Liberal Party for criticizing Prime Minister Martin but nonetheless sided with the Liberals on the budget vote. David Kilgour independent MP for Edmonton—Mill Woods—Beaumont, had previously quit the Liberal caucus and voted with the opposition parties against the budget. The tie vote required the Speaker of the House Peter Milliken to cast the deciding vote, and he did so in favor of the budget, allowing the government to survive.
Cadman was terminally ill with cancer at the time he cast his crucial vote, and he died later in 2005. In the 2006 federal election, his riding was won by NDP candidate Penny Priddy. Neither Parrish nor Kilgour (nor Pat O'Brien, MP for London—Fanshawe, who quit the Liberal Party to sit as an independent after the 2005 budget vote) stood for re-election in 2006. However another independent candidate, André Arthur, was elected in the Quebec riding of Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier, and was the only independent to win a seat in that election. The overall election was won by the Conservative Party, but with another minority. The combined Conservative and NDP seats in parliament currently amount to 154 out of a total of 308, meaning that if the Conservatives and NDP vote together, Arthur too may find himself holding the balance of power. Another independent was added with the ousting of Garth Turner from the Conservative caucus though on February 6th 2007, Turner joined the Liberal party.
[edit] Philippines
Noli de Castro, the Philippines' current Vice President ran as senator in 2001 with no political party affiliation. He was an adopted candidate of the opposition Pwersa ng Masa coalition but he never joined their campaign rallies. He won in the senate race with the highest votes (then) in Philippine history. He ran as vice president in 2004 as a running mate of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo but de Castro did not join the administration party Lakas-CMD nor its affiliate political parties.
[edit] United Kingdom
Independent Members of Parliament were once frequently elected in Britain (List of UK minor party and independent MPs elected), but they have been much rarer in the last half-century.
Clare Short was elected as a Labour MP in 2005 UK general election but on 20 October 2006 resigned the Labour Whip although she is intending to attempt to remain a member of the Labour Party.[1]
Two independent MPs were elected in the 2005 UK general election: Peter Law (MP for Blaenau Gwent), who died on April 25, 2006, and Richard Taylor, sole MP of the Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern party (for the Wyre Forest constituency). Dr Richard Taylor's election to Parliament is most notable for the fact that he is the only independent in recent times to have been re-elected for a second term. Since Peter Law's death, the by-election has yielded another independent MP - Dai Davies. News reporter Martin Bell was elected as an Independent MP for Tatton from 1997 to 2001 having stood on an anti-corruption platform.
The UK House of Lords includes a large number of independent peers, who are usually known as cross-benchers.
The introduction of directly elected Mayors in several parts of the UK saw the election of independent candidates to run councils in Stoke-on-Trent, Middlesbrough, Bedford, Hartlepool and Mansfield. The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone was originally elected as an independent having run against the official Labour candidate Frank Dobson. He has since been re-admitted to the Labour Party.
Independent candidates frequently stand in parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually with little success. A typical example from the 2001 general election was when Aston Villa supporter Ian Robinson stood as an independent candidate in the Sutton Coldfield constituency, in protest at the way chairman Doug Ellis ran the club.
At the 2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections, three MSPs were elected as Independents: Dennis Canavan (Falkirk West), Dr Jean Turner (Strathkelvin and Bearsden) and Margo MacDonald (Lothians). In 2004 Campbell Martin (West of Scotland region) left the Scottish National Party to become an independent and in 2005 Brian Monteith (Mid Scotland and Fife) left the Conservative Party to become an independent.
[edit] United States
Recent independent candidates for President of the United States include John Anderson in 1980, Elisha Shapiro in 1988, Ross Perot in 1992 and Ralph Nader in 2004. None of them were successful. Historically, George Washington was the first and only elected independent President, as he was not formally affiliated with any party during his two terms. John Tyler was expelled from the Whig Party in September 1841 and although he made overtures to the Democrats, he remained effectively an independent for the remainder of Presidency, and briefly sought re-election in 1844 in a third party bid, but withdrew to help the Democrats win.
Maine and Texas are the only states in American history that have elected independents as governor, having elected James B. Longley in 1974 and Angus King in 1994 and 1998 from Maine and Sam Houston from Texas.
There have been several independents elected to the United States Senate throughout history. Notable examples include David Davis of Illinois (a former Republican) in the nineteenth century, and Harry F. Byrd, Jr. of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the twentieth century. Some senators have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as Wayne Morse of Oregon. Vermont senator Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's change of party status was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50-50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President, Dick Cheney, who would break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the Congressional elections in 2002, when the Republicans regained their majority. Senator Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007.
Representative Bernie Sanders was an independent member of the United States House of Representatives for Vermont-at-large from 1991 to 2006. Bernie later won the open senate seat of Senator Jim Jeffords winning as an independent. Joe Lieberman, is a former Democrat who ran as an independent in the 2006 election after losing the Democratic primary to Ned Lamont. Though both representatives are technically Independent politicians, both have tended to vote with Democrats in Congress in the past, and have acknowledged they will continue to do so.
In 1971, State Senator Henry Howell of Virginia, a former Democrat, was elected lieutenant governor as an independent. Two years later, he campaigned for Governor as an Independent, losing the election by only 15,000 votes.
In 2006, there were 9 major independent candidates for statewide office including successful runs for the U.S. Senate by Bernie Sanders and Joseph Lieberman. In Alaska, former Republican state legislator Andrew Halcro ran for governor. In Maine, state legislator Barbara Merrill (formerly a Democrat) made the gubernatorial ballot, while retired college professor Bill Slavick ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate. In Massachusetts, wealthy convenience store owner and former Massachusetts Turnpike Authority board member Christy Mihos ran for Governor. In Pennsylvania, anti-incumbent activist and Philadelphia Inquirer "Citizen of the Year" Russ Diamond ran for the Governor's office. Finally, in Texas, country music singer and mystery novelist Kinky Friedman and State Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn both received several times the number of signatures needed to place them on the gubernatorial ballot.
As of April 2007 at the state level, there were eleven people who held offices as independents in state legislatures. There were three state senators, one from Kentucky, one from Oregon, and one from Tennessee. The representatives came from the states of (1) Louisiana, (2) Maine, (2) Vermont, (3) Virginia.
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